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Neuroscience > Exam Three - vision > Flashcards

Exam Three - vision Flashcards

1
Q

pupil

A

controls the amount of light available

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2
Q

cornea

A

transmit and focuses light into the eye

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3
Q

iris

A

helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye

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4
Q

ciliary muscle

A

helps focus the lens

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5
Q

sclera

A

white outer coat of the eye

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6
Q

vitrous fluid

A

the clear, gelatinous substance filing the central cavity of the eye

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7
Q

lens

A

focuses light onto the retina

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8
Q

retina

A

senses light and creates electrical impulses

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9
Q

macula

A

area in the retina that contains special light sensitive cells
small area at the center of the retina
a thin layer of light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye

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10
Q

fovea

A

center of the macula, central and sharpest vision

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11
Q

optic nerve

A

carry visual message from the retina to the brain

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12
Q

rods respond to

A

low light

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13
Q

cones respond to

A

different light wavelengths (color)

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14
Q

L cones

A

red

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15
Q

M cones

A

green

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16
Q

S cones

A

blue

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17
Q

parasol cell (M cell)

A

sensitive to low-contrast, black and white stimuli

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18
Q

Midget Ganglion cell (P cell)

A

sensitive to color

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19
Q

What is the direction of neural flow layers from outside to inside

A

pigment epithelium
outer layer (rods and cones)
outer plexiform layer
inner layer (horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells)
inner plexiform layer
ganglion cell layer (parasol and midget gang cells)

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20
Q

3 regions of photo receptors are:

A

outer segment
inner segment
region of synaptic terminals

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21
Q

rod cell is ________ in response to light stimulus

A

hyperpolarized

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22
Q

the hyperpolarization of rod cells causes a ____________ in release of glutamate which can depolarize some cells or hyperpolarize others

A

reduction

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23
Q

cones release ________ in the dark and respond to light by__________

A

glutamate, decreasing glutamate release

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24
Q

rods or cones have high concentration in the fovea

A

cones

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25
Q

rods or cones mediate color vision

A

cones

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26
Q

cones have high or low acuity of vision

A

high

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27
Q

loss of _____ causes night blindness and loss of peripheral vision

A

rods

28
Q

rods or cones have high sensitivity to light

A

rods

29
Q

rods or cones have a slow response to light stimulus

A

rods

30
Q

rods or cones are specialized for day vision

A

cones

31
Q

light falls onto photoreceptors in the ____

A

retina

32
Q

_______ serves a strategic role in gating information flow to cortex

A

thalamus (LGN)

33
Q

dorsal pathway is the ______ and ventral pathway is the ________

A

where, what

34
Q

______ pathway is the primary visual cortex to posterior parietal cortex

A

dorsal

35
Q

_________ pathway is the primary visual cortex to the inferotemporal xortex

A

ventral

36
Q

emotion related visual processing has a connection with the _______ route

A

ventral

37
Q

the ________ in the thalamus is the major target of the retinal ganglion cells

A

LGN

38
Q

the ________ in the thalamus receives input from both eyes and relays these messages to the primary visual cortex via the optic radiation

A

LGN

39
Q

The LGN projections reach the ___________ through the optic radiations

A

primary visual cortex

40
Q

The _______ visual field sweeps around the lateral horn of the ventricle under the temporal lobe (meyers loop)

A

superior

41
Q

The ________ visual field travels under the cortex of the parietal lobe

A

inferior

42
Q

primary visual cortex is broadman

A

17

43
Q

secondary visual cortex is broadman

A

18, 19

44
Q

scotomas

A

small visual field deficit

45
Q

anopsias

A

large visual field deficits

46
Q

nonhomonymous anopsia

A

visual field deficit that affects opposite halves of both eyes

47
Q

homonymous anopsia

A

visual field deficits that affect the same part of both eyes

48
Q

miosis

A

excessive constriction of the pupil, can also be caused by drugs or illness

49
Q

What is the pathway of the pupillary light reflex (constriction)

A

light on retina, pretectum and Edinger-Westphal, to ciliary ganglion, to pupillary sphincter muscle

50
Q

What would happen to the pupillary reflex if you shine light into the right eye and there is a right optic nerve lesion?

A

neither pupil will constrict

51
Q

What would happen to the pupillary reflex if you shine light into the right eye and there is a left optic nerve lesion?

A

both pupils will constrict

52
Q

the accommodation reflex involves these 3 events

A
  • convergence of the eyes
  • constriction of the pupil
  • suspensory lig relaxes
53
Q

myopia

A

nearsighted

54
Q

if you are nearsighted then you have a _______ lens

A

concave

55
Q

hypermetropia

A

farsighted

56
Q

if you are farsighted, then you have a __ lens

A

convex

57
Q

glaucoma

A

condition that causes damage to they eyes optic nerve and gets worse over time
people with diabetes are twice as likely to develop it

58
Q

cataract is

A

the clouding of the lense

59
Q

cataracts are related to

A

aging
diabetes
smoking and alcohol use
prolonged exposure to sunlight or bluelight

60
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

61
Q

people with prosopagnosia have ________ vision

A

normal

62
Q

prosopagnosia is associated with a brain injury in the __________–

A

right fusiform gyrus

63
Q

Adie’s pupil is

A

a prolonged and sluggish contraction of the pupil to light
following the pupillary constriction, the dilation is then delayed

64
Q

adie’s pupil is associated with pathological changes in the…

A

ciliary ganglion

65
Q

macular degeneration is…

A

a progressive loss of vision
most common in those older than 55

Neuroscience (25 decks)

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