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Anatomy > Exam 5: Revised Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 5: Revised Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

From which embryologic mesoderm do the mesenephros originate?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Pronephros instigate the development of

A

Mesenephros

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3
Q

Intermediate mesoderm condenses

A

Urogenital ridge

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4
Q

What has a role in developing structure of the reproductive system

A

Urogenital ridge

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5
Q

1st excretory organ to develop

A

Pronephros

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6
Q

In the indifferent duct system, 2 ducts form inside

A

Embryos abdomen

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7
Q

In the indifferent duct system, one duct will remain and one will regress dependent on

A

Genetic sex

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8
Q

Ducts of the indifferent duct system include the

A

mesonephric ducts and paramesonephric ducts

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9
Q

People developing ovaries will retain the

A

Paramesonephric ducts

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10
Q

People developing testes will retain

A

Mesonephric ducts

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11
Q

What develops in 5th week

A

Metanephros

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12
Q

Metanephros form

A

Fully functional kidney by week 10

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13
Q

The metanephros develop from which two structures.

A

Ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm

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14
Q

Ureteric buds arise from

A

mesonephric duct

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15
Q

Into which structures will the ureteric buds develop

A

Form structures that collect urine

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16
Q

Into which structures will the metanephric mesoderm develop

A

Nephron components: produce urine

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17
Q

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

A

Storage and excretion of urine, regulation of blood volume, regulation of ions/acids and bases/ erythrocytes production

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18
Q

Main organs that make up urinary system

A

Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra, renal pelvis

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19
Q

Superior border of kidney is located

A

T12

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20
Q

Inferior border of kidney is located

A

L3

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21
Q

Kidney function

A

Filter blood

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22
Q

What sits on top of kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

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23
Q

Why is there so much fat around kidney

A

Cushion and support kidney

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24
Q

Kidney is located against the

A

Posterior wall of abdomen

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25
Q

What kidney is higher

A

Left because of liver

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26
Q

Outer layer of kidney

A

Cortex

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27
Q

Extensions of the cortex

A

Renal columns

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28
Q

Renal columns project into the

A

Medulla

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29
Q

Collecting system order

A

Medulla produces urine, papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra

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30
Q

Flow of blood into the kidney

A

Abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arucuate artery, cortical artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole

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31
Q

Associated with the nephron loop in medulla

A

Vasa recta

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32
Q

Associated with convoluted tubules in cortex

A

Peritubular capillaries

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33
Q

How does the left renal vein differ from the right? Why?

A

Renal veins are asymmetrical, left is larger because of location of IVC

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34
Q

Functional filtration unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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35
Q

Parts of the nephron

A

Corpuscle, PCT, DCT, nephron loop, collecting duct

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36
Q

In the nephron loop the corpuscle is made up of

A

Glomerulus and capsule

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37
Q

Two type of nephrons

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

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38
Q

Cortical nephrons make up

A

85%

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39
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons make up

A

15%

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40
Q

What nephrons lies in the cortex vs corticomedullary junction

A

Cortical, juxtamedullary

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41
Q

Short nephron loop that barely penetrates the medulla

A

Cortical nephrons

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42
Q

Loop extends deep into the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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43
Q

Work during periods of high activity

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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44
Q

Work under normal conditions

A

Cortical nephrons

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45
Q

Filtration process is

A

Non selective

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46
Q

Filtration: Movement of substances from __ to __

A

Blood, capsular space

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47
Q

Filtration is due to

A

Pressure

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48
Q

Reabsorption and secretion involve movement

A

In the opposite direction

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49
Q

What two structures make up the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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50
Q

Ball of intertwining capillaries

A

Glomerulus

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51
Q

Glomerular capsule has what components

A

Visceral layer and parietal layer

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52
Q

Parietal layer of the capsule is

A

Outside, composed of simple squamous

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53
Q

Podocytes

A

Assist in filtration

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54
Q

The visceral layer of the capsule placement

A

Lies over glomerulus

55
Q

Three components of filtration membrane

A

Endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and visceral layer of glomerular capsule

56
Q

The endothelium of the glomerulus is

A

Fenestrated

57
Q

The endothelium of the glomerulus has _ that allow dissolves structures to pass through but not ___ ones

A

Tiny pores, larger

58
Q

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is __ and allows

A

Porous, smaller structures to pass thru while restricting large ones

59
Q

Visceral layer of glomerular capsule is made up of

A

Podocytes and Pedicles and filtration slits

60
Q

Filtration slits restrict passage of

A

Most small proteins

61
Q

Epithelium in PCT and DCT

A 
PCT= simple cubodial cells with tall microvilli 
DCT= simple cubodial with sparse microvilli
62
Q

Function of PCT

A

Reabsorption

63
Q

Function of tall microvilli in PCT

A

Increase SA and resabsorption

64
Q

Modification begins here

65
Q

Reabsorb missed ions by the PCT

A

Nephron loop

66
Q

Secrete ions (K snd H) into tubular fluid

67
Q

In the DCT, water is reabsorbed with

A

ADH in response to low blood volume

68
Q

Thick limbs

A

Simple cubodial

69
Q

Thin limbs

A

Simple squamous

70
Q

Nephron loop has two parts

A

Descending limb and ascending limb

71
Q

Descending limb descends from the

A

Cortex to medulla

72
Q

Ascending limb acsends from

A

Medulla into cortex

73
Q

1st half of descending limb tissue=

2nd half tissue=

A

1st half is simple cubodial

2nd half is simple squamous

74
Q

1st half of ascending limb tissue=

2nd half =

A

1st half is simple squamous and 2nd half is simple cubodial

75
Q

Carries urine into pelvic cavity to empty into bladder

76
Q

What prevents urine from reentering the urethra?

A

Oblique angle of bladder

77
Q

What is the epithelial lining found in the bladder and urethra?

A

Transitional

78
Q

Muscle of bladder

79
Q

4 layers of bladder

A

Muscosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

80
Q

Mucosa layer is made up of

A

Transitional epithelium for stretching bladder

81
Q

Submusosa is made of

A

Dense, irregular CT

82
Q

Muscularis layer is made of

A

Detrusor muscle

83
Q

Adventitia layer is

A

Outer loose CT

84
Q

Significance of trigone

A

No rugae or detrusor muscle, drains urine from bladder to urethra

85
Q

What is the clinical significance associated with the shorter length of the female urethra compared to that of the male?

A

More prone to UTIs

86
Q

Storage and release of urine

A

Micturition reflex

87
Q

Function of calyces of kidney

A

Collect urine from nephrons

88
Q

Group of modified epithelial cells in the DCT that touch juxtamedullar cells

A

Macula densa

89
Q

Contraction of the macula densa reduces flow of ___ retaining more __

A

Filtrate into PCT, H20 and Na

90
Q

What cells monitor BP, increase Na ions

A

Macula densa

91
Q

The macula densa stimulates the

A

Juxta cells to contract the afferent arteriole and release renin

92
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

93
Q

The juxtaglomerular cells produce

A

Renin when bp is low

94
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Increase reabsorption of Na from filtrate to blood

95
Q

What pathway results in aldosterone production

A

Renin angiotensin pathway

96
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells are located where

A

Wall of afferent arteriole

97
Q

Specialized cells at the point of contact with DCT and afferent arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

98
Q

When the bladder is full, what signals the mictrution reflex

A

Stretch receptors

99
Q

Once the micturtion reflex is signaled, impulse travel to the

A

Detrusor and internal urethral sphincter

100
Q

Smooth muscle in the internal urethral sphincter __ and detrusor __ in parasympathetics

A

Relaxes, contracts (release urine)

101
Q

Parasympathetic to bladder

A

Stimulate micrutrition

102
Q

Sympathetic to bladder

A

Inhibit micturition (store urine)

103
Q

In the micturition reflex, you must consciously relax the

A

External urethral sphincter

104
Q

PCT arises from

A

Tubular pole

105
Q

Afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave glomerulus here

A

Vascular pole

106
Q

Where is the glomerular space

A

End of nephron

107
Q

Filtrate will flow from the

A

Glomerular space into PCT

108
Q

PCT function

A

Facilitates reabsorption of solutes

109
Q

Distal convoluted tubule will function in

110
Q

The fuzzy lumen Is created by the

A

Tall microvilli

111
Q

Peritubular capillaries surround the

A

PCT and DCT

112
Q

The vasa recta surrounds the

A

Nephron loop

113
Q

Collecting tubules and ducts act under the influence of __ to __

A

Anti diuretic hormone and aldosterone, limit loss of water and sodium from blood

114
Q

Released in response to dehydration

115
Q

Triggers the conservation of water and Na

116
Q

Increase blood ion concentrations and blood volume

A

Aldosterone

117
Q

Macula densa cells of DCT will sense a

A

Increase in Na ion concentration in blood

118
Q

Contraction of afferent arteriole…

A

Reduces pressure inside glomerulus and maintains sodium/water in blood

119
Q

Renin is released which triggers

A

Aldosterone release

120
Q

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the

A

Nephron loop

121
Q

Ureters Insert in the

A

posterolateral wall of the bladder

122
Q

Create a __ that prevents backflow of urine to ureter

A

one way valve in the bladder

123
Q

Three tunics of ureter

A

Mucosa, muscularis (smooth muscle), adventitia (elastic and collagen fibers)

124
Q

The amount of urine leaving these openings is controlled by the

125
Q

Internal urethral sphincter under __ and external urethral sphincter is under __

A

Involuntary, voluntary

126
Q

Intermediate mesoderm condenses on the posterior abdominal wall and forms the

A

urogenital ridge

127
Q

urogenital ridge produces

A

Pronephros

128
Q

Pronephros degeneration instigates the development of the

A

mesonephros and the mesonephric duct

129
Q

filter waste from the embryo that drains into the mesonephric duct and to the cloaca

A

Mesonephros

130
Q

Metanephric mesoderm (blastema) forms from the remaining __ and forms the __

A

intermediate mesoderm, urine producing structures of the kidney

131
Q

What forms a fully functional kidney

A

Ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm

132
Q

The ureteric bud forms which of the following structures:
A. Pronephros
b. Collecting structures of the kidney
c. Urine producing structures of the kidney
d. Mesonephric duct
e. Paramesonephric duct

133
Q

Which of the following structures instigates the development of the mesonephros?

a. Ureteric bud
b. Metanephric mesoderm
c. Pronephros
d. Mesonephric duct
e. Renal pelvis

134
Q

What structure do collecting ducts drain

A

Renal pelvis

Anatomy (25 decks)

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