Exam 4: The Blood Flashcards by Mia Sassano

A fluid connective tissue consisting of blood cells and platelets.

Blood

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Blood contains

Dissolved protein fibers in watery ground substance

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Red blood cells transport what

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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White blood cell function

Fight off infections

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Platelets and dissolved proteins help with

Clotting

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Blood makes up what percent of body mass

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How many liters of blood are produced each day in women and men?

Women= 4-5

Male=5-6

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Blood has what components when separated by centrifuge?

Plasma, Buffy coat, and erythrocytes

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Plasma makes up

55% of whole blood

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What is in plasma

Water, proteins, and other solutes such as electrolytes and nutrients

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The Buffy coat makes up

Less than 1% of whole blood

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The Buffy coat is made up of

Platelets and leukocytes (WBC)

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Erythrocytes make up

45% of whole blood

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Red blood cells are also called

Erythrocytes

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What is the most dense and least dense component in blood when separated by centrifuge

Least dense is plasma, most dense is erythrocytes

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Percentage of volume of all formed elements in the blood, attributed by percentage of volume in red blood cells

Hematocrit

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What is the hematocrit in males and females

Males= 42-56%, Females=38-46%

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The most abundant of the plasma proteins

Albumin

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Function of albumin

Retain water in blood and transport hormones

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Function of fibrinogen

Help with clot formation

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Function of globulins

Transport lipids

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What are the main blood proteins

Albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins

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Lack nuclei and organelles

Erythrocytes

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Erythrocytes transport

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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Erythrocytes contain

Hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is an important component of hemoglobin

Iron

Average life span of erythrocytes

120 days, broken down in liver

Heme ( hemoglobin without iron) is converted into

Bilirubin, component of bile

Iron is transpired from the

Liver to bone marrow for recycling

Erythrocytes originate in

Red bone marrow

Erythrocytes function how

Anaerobically, not using oxygen they transport

There is a lot of what in the oxygen carrying hemoglobin

Cytoplasm

Main function of erythrocytes

Transport oxygen to tissues

Wrights stain is often used on

Blood smears

Heme components are

Biliverdin in bile of liver, and iron stored by ferritin in liver

Erythrocyte membranes protein and globin proteins are broken down into

Amino acids

The plasma membrane of an erythrocyte has surface antigens that

Project from the surface

Red blood cells can have what type of antigens

A, B, A and B or neither A ans B

Type A blood

Red blood cells have surface antigen A

Type B blood

Red blood cells have surface antigen B

Type AB blood

Red blood cells have A and B surface antigens

Type O blood

Red blood cells don’t have surface A or B antigen

White blood cells produce antibodies to

Surface antigens not found on an individuals red blood cells

White blood cells antibodies help to

Identify when foreign cells enter the body

A person with type A has what type of antibodies

Anti B in blood plasma

A person with type B has what type of antibodies

Anti A

A person with type AB blood has what type of antibodies

Neither anti A or anti B

A person with type O blood has what kind of antibodies

Both Anti A and anti B

If a person receives a blood transfusion that’s incompatible, antibodies…

Bind to the antigen surface and red blood cell clumps bind together (agglutination)

A person with type AB blood is a

Universal recipient

A person with type O blood is a

Universal donor

Another common surface antigen on erythrocytes is also called a

Rh antigen

Rh antigen is also called

Surface antigen D

When rh is present on the antigen, the individual is said to be

Rh positive

A rh positive person doesn’t produce

Rh antibodies

A person only produces antibodies if they are

Negative and are exposed to Rh positive blood

Leukocytes function

Initiate an immune response

Leukocytes characteristics include….

Have a nucleus, organelles, and are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

Wright’s stain consists of

Eosin, red, and methylene, blue.

Granulocytes have granules in their

Cytoplasm

Three granulocytes types

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Multi-lobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophils

Neutrophils function

Phagocytize bacteria

Bi-lobed nuclei, reddish organs granules

Eosinophils

Functions of eosinophils

Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens; release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

Bi-lobed nucleus, purplish/black cytoplasmic granules

Basophils

Function of basophils

Release histamine and heparin during allergic or inflammatory reactions

Type of antigen that produces an abnormally aggressive immune response

Allergen

Have such small granules in their cytoplasm they aren’t visible under the microscope

Agranulocytes

Three types of lymphocytes

T, B, and natural killer cells

Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm

Lymphocyte

Lymphocyte function

Attack pathogens, coordinate immune cell activity, and produce antibodies

Kinsey shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm

Monocyte

Functions of monocytes

Become macrophages, phagocytize pathogens, and engulf debris

Platelets (thrombocytes) function

Form clots in response to damage

Irregular membrane bound cellular fragments of cells called

Megakaryocytes

Megakaryocytes are found in

Red bone marrow

Parts of the Megakaryocytes…

Pinch off and enter blood stream

A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) makes one

Prone to bleeding

Malignancy, cancer resulting in uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells in bone marrow

Leukemia

Excessively low erythrocyte or hemoglobin concentrations

Anemia

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes in blood

Polycythemia

Defect in hemoglobin molecule in the blood, abnormal RBCs

Sickle cell disease

Abnormally low concentration of platelets in blood

Thrombocytopenia

Hemopoisesis is the production of

Blood cells, occurs in red bone mardie

Stem cells are called

Hematocytoblasts

Hematocytoblasts can produce

Myeloid or lymphoid stem cells

The lymphoid stem cells give rise to the

Three types of lymphocytes, while the myeloid stem cells produce all the other blood cells

produced by defense cells to help protect against pathogens

Immunoglobulins

How many types of white blood cells are there…

Neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils