Anatomy Basics Flashcards
The study of the structure of the body with the unaided eye
Gross anatomy
The study of cells and tissues (microscopic)
Histology
Embryology
Study of development ( gametes, fertilization, embryo, fetus)
Structural organization of the body
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal level
Chemical level
Atoms and molecules
Cellular level
Cells and their components
Tissue level
An assemble of similar cells that carry out a specific function
A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function
Organ level
A contiguous living system, capable of responding to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development
Organismal level
Characteristics of living things
OMG/DRARR
Complex, yet organized, components
Organization
Break down and utilize nutrients and generate waste
Metabolism
Maturation of an organism
Growth and development
Organisms must be able to perceive and respond to changes in their environment
Responsiveness
Organisms must be able to change functionally and structurally
Adaptation
Organisms must be able to keep a stable internal environment
Regulation
Organisms produce sex cells to give rise to new organisms
Reproduction
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Organ system
Major organ systems…
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, endocrine
Functions of the integumentary system…
Protection, regulates body temperature, contains sensory receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
Functions of the skeletal system
Support and protection, site of hemopoiesis and muscle attachment, stores calcium and phosphorus
Functions of the muscular system
Produces body movement and generates heat
Functions of the nervous system
Response to sensory stimuli, activates muscles and glands, controls other systems, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory
Functions of cardiovascular system…
Moves blood, distributes hormones/nutrients/ and gases to tissues, picks up waste products from tissues
Functions of lymphatic system
Transports and filters lymph, initiates immune response
Functions of respiratory system…
Air into body, gas exchange between lungs and bloodstream, allows for vocalization
Functions of digestive system
Digests food, absorbs nutrients, expels waste
Functions of urinary system
Filters blood to remove waste products and maintains homeostasis
Function of reproductive system
Produces gametes and sex hormones, provides environment for embryo growth
Endocrine system functions
Cells and glands that produce hormones which regulate various bodily functions
Anatomical position…
Standing upright, feet together
Head up
Arms down and palms forward
Person lying down face up
Supine
Person lying down with face down
Prone
Superior
Up toward the head
Down toward the feet
Inferior
Anterior or ventral
Toward front of body
Posterior or dorsal
Toward back of the body
Medial
Toward the center
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Toward an attached base
Proximal
Away from an attached base
Distal
Closer to the outer surface of a structure
Superficial
Closer to the inner core of a structure
Deep
On the same side
Ipsilateral
Contra lateral
On opposite side
Cephalic
The head
Cervical
The neck
Orbital
The eye
Oral
The mouth
Buccal
Cheek
Thoracic
Upper trunk
Abdominal
Lower trunk
Axillary
Arm pit
Brachial
Arm
Antebrachial
Forearm
Palmar
Palm
Digits
Fingers and toes
Inguinal
Groin
Femoral
Thigh
Crural
Leg
Plantar
Sole
A plane that divides the body into left and right parts
Sagittal
A plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts
Midsagittal/median
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal/frontal
A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse/horizontal
