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Anatomy > Exam 5: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 5: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

synthesize substances that are released into ducts connecting to another structure

A

exocrine glands

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2
Q

synthesizes and releases hormones into the bloodstream

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

acts on the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

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4
Q

What hormone is released when cold or stressed

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

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5
Q

acts on all body tissues (especially bones and muscles) to stimulate growth and size of the body.

A

Growth Hormone

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6
Q

act on the gonads (testes and

ovaries) to stimulate the development of gametes (sperm cells and oocytes).

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

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7
Q

acts on the mammary glands of the breast to stimulate growth and milk production (not ejection).

A

Prolactin

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8
Q

acts on the adrenal cortex to cause the release of

corticosteroids

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

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9
Q

acts on the malanocytes in the skin to produce melanin.

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

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10
Q

the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland by…

A

releasing its regulating

hormones into the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System.

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11
Q

is a capillary plexus surrounding the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

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12
Q

venous blood carrying regulating hormones from the hypothalamus to the plexus are
called

A

hypophyseal portal veins.

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13
Q

the regulating hormones leave the…

A

capillary plexus to have an effect on the anterior pituitary

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14
Q

the anterior pituitary releases its hormones into the __ and carried __

A

capillary plexus, away by. hypophyseal vein

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15
Q

hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland

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16
Q

Pituitary gland is suspended from the

A

hypothalamus by a stalk or infundibulum.

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17
Q

Pituitary gland is divided

A

structurally and functionally, into anterior and posterior parts

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18
Q

Synthesize substances that are released into ducts connecting to another structure

A

Exocrine glands

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19
Q

Synthesize substances that are released into the bloodstream to effect target tissue

A

Endocrine gland

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20
Q

Single gland or be scattered through tissues

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

What works together to keep body in homeostasis

A

Endocrine and nervous system

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22
Q

Substances released into the bloodstream to have an effect on target structures

A

Hormones

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23
Q

Endocrine cells produce

A

Hormones

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24
Q

Hormone levels in blood are regulated by

A

Self adjusting mechanisms or feedback loops

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25
Q

React to hormone only if they have the receptor for it

A

Target cells

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26
Q

Most of endocrine levels in blood are regulated by

A

Negative feedback loop

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27
Q

A negative feedback loop..l

A

reduces own hormone production

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28
Q

Example of negative feedback loop

A

Eat, Blood glucose increases, insulin released, body tissue takes up glucose, blood glucose decreases

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29
Q

Positive feedback loop…

A

Hormone continued to be produced

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30
Q

Example of positive feedback loop

A

Baby breastfeeds, stimulus to hypothalamus, pituitary gland signaled to produce oxytocin, oxytocin stimulates milk ejection, baby continues to suck

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31
Q

Oxytocin function

A

Stimulates milk ejection

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32
Q

Master controller of endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

Hypothalamus controls the

A

Endocrine functions

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34
Q

Ways hypothalamus controls endocrine functions of the body….

A
  1. Produces regulatory hormones that effect anterior pituitary gland (stimulate or inhibit release)
  2. Produce hormones that are transported and stored in posterior pituitary gland until needed.
  3. Stimulates sympathetics to medulla to release adrenaline
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35
Q

Produces own hormones

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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36
Q

Overseer of ANS

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

The stalk of the pituitary gland is made up of

A

Nerve axons running from hypothalamus into posterior part

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38
Q

There are ___ in hypothalamus whose axons make up the __

A

Two nuclei, stalk

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39
Q

Carry hormones to posterior pituitary gland for storage

A

Two nuclei in hypothalamus

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40
Q

Neurons In paraventricular nucleus…

A

Synthesize and transport oxytocin to posterior pituitary gland

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41
Q

Transport oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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42
Q

Neurons in supraoptic nucleus…

A

Produce and transport anti-diuretic hormone to posterior pituitary gland

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43
Q

Anti diuretic hormone associated with

A

Supraoptic neurons

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44
Q

The posterior pituitary does not

A

Produce its own hormone just stores oxytocin and antidirectic

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45
Q

Posterior pituitary gland release the hormones into its own

A

Capillary plexus

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46
Q

Stimulates ejection of milk, not production, during breastfeeding

A

Oxytocin

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47
Q

Causes contraction of smooth muscle of uterus during birth

A

Oxytocin

48
Q

In males, oxytocin causes the…

A

Contraction of the prostate gland to release its products

49
Q

Released when blood volume is low

A

Anti diuretic hormone

50
Q

Causes water to be retained by kidneys to help increase blood volume

A

Anti diuretic hormone

51
Q

Causes vasoconstriction

A

Anti diuretic hormone

52
Q

Helps increase BP

A

Vasoconstriction

53
Q

Largest endocrine gland in body

A

Thyroid gland

54
Q

Thyroid gland is located in

A

Lower neck, near trachea

55
Q

The thyroid has right and left lobes connected by

A

Isthmus

56
Q

Thyroid gland Gets blood supply through

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

57
Q

Regulates metabolic activity of cells in body

A

Thyroid hormone

58
Q

Follicles are

A

Follicular cells surrounding a cavity with colloid

59
Q

Contains precursors of thyroid hormone

A

Colloid

60
Q

Produces thyroid hormone

A

Follicular cells

61
Q

Essential nutrient for thyroid hormone production

A

Iodine

62
Q

Example of negative feedback with thyroid

A

Low body temperature cause hypothalamus to secrete TRH, release TSH, TSH stimulates follicular cells to produce TH, TH targets cells increase metabolic activities, body temp increases and hormones inhibited

63
Q

If TSH is high, than the thyroid is

A

Not working well, from anterior pituitary gland

64
Q

Enlargement of thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in diet

A

Goiter

65
Q

An immune disorder that results in hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

66
Q

Bulging of eyes seen with Graves’ disease

A

Exophthalmos

67
Q

Other signs of Graves’ disease

A

Anxiety, weight loss, irregular heartbeat

68
Q

Typically 4 embedded in posterior thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

69
Q

Cells in the parathyroid gland produce

A

PTH

70
Q

Parathyroid hormone function

A

Regulates blood calcium levels

71
Q

You need blood calcium for

A

Muscular and nervous system

72
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released into bloodstream in response to

A

Low blood calcium levels

73
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the bloodstream causes

A
  1. osteoclasts to release calcium from bone
  2. kidneys to reabsorb calcium from tubular fluid
  3. small intestine to absorb calcium
74
Q

Not under the control or hypothalamus

A

Parathyroid glands

75
Q

Chromaffin cells release epinephrine and norepinephrine into bloodstream,

A

Medulla

76
Q

Release epinephrine and norepinephrine into bloodstream

A

Chromaffin cells

77
Q

Cortex has three layers or zones known as…

A

Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

78
Q

Outermost later of cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa

79
Q

Secretes mineralocorticoids to regulate composition of electrolytes in the body

A

Zona glomerulosa

80
Q

Adolsterone is a

A

Mineralcorticoid

81
Q

Secretes glucocorticoids which stimulate metabolism of lipids and proteins to regulate blood glucose levels

A

Zona fasciculata

82
Q

Cortisol is a

A

Glucocorticoid

83
Q

Secretes gonadocorticoids

A

Zona reticularis

84
Q

Androgens are

A

Gonadocorticoids

85
Q

Sugar in bloodstream

A

Glucocorticoid

86
Q

Excessive glucocorticoid such as when taking corticosteroids as therapy for rheumatoid arthritis

A

Cushing syndrome

87
Q

Symptoms of Cushing syndrome

A

Decrease bone mass, muscle weakness, redistribution of body fat, swelling

88
Q

To little glucocorticoid, not enough blood sugar

A

Addison disease

89
Q

Adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease

90
Q

Signs of Addison disease

A

Weight loss, general fatigue and weakness, hypotension

91
Q

Acinar cells are…

A

Exocrine part of pancreas

92
Q

Produce digestive enzymes that enter duodenum through pancreatic duct

A

Acinar cells

93
Q

Pancreatic islets include

A

Alpha and beta cells

94
Q

Alpha cells secrete __ and beta cells secrete __

A

Glucagon, insulin

95
Q

Cause cells in liver to break down glycogen into glucose

A

Glucagon

96
Q

Facilitate movement of glucose from blood to tissues of body

A

Beta cells

97
Q

Insulin also promotes

A

Glycogen synthesis in liver

98
Q

Stimulated by high levels of nutrients in bloodstream

A

Delta cells

99
Q

Delta cells synthesize

A

Somatostatin

100
Q

Slows the release of insulin and activity in digestive organs

A

Somatostatin

101
Q

Slows rate of nutrients entering bloodstream

A

Somatostatin

102
Q

Metabolic condition marked by inadequate uptake of glucose from blood

A

Diabetes mellitus

103
Q

Glucose in urine

A

Glycosuria

104
Q

Chronically elevated blood glucose damages…

A

Smaller arteriole, kidney failure, retinal blindness, and amputation

105
Q

Insulin dependent diabetes (can’t produce own insulin)

A

Type 1

106
Q

Characterized by diminished production of insulin by islet cells

A

Type 1

107
Q

Tends to occur in children

A

Type 1

108
Q

Patients have a genetic predisposition

A

Type 1

109
Q

What cells are mainly affected in type 1 diabetes

A

Beta cells

110
Q

Treatment of Type 1 diabetes

A

Daily insulin injections

111
Q

Blood glucose can’t be delivered to tissues of body

A

Type 1

112
Q

Insulin independent diabetes

A

Type 2

113
Q

Results from either decreases insulin release by beta cells or decreases insulin effectiveness at peripheral tissues

A

Type 2

114
Q

Occurs in adults and obesity plays a role

A

Type 2

115
Q

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

Dietary changes, exercise

Anatomy (25 decks)

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