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Anatomy > Exam 5: Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 5: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system function…

A

Ingests food, transports it, and breaks it into smaller components

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2
Q

The digestive system consists of…

A

Alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

As food passes through the alimentary canal, accessory digestive organs…

A

Add substances to assist with the food breakdown

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4
Q

From the mouth to the anus, the tubular alimentary canal exhibits…

A

Circular and longitudinal muscles

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5
Q

Coordinated rhythmic contractions of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Peristalsis

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6
Q

Food is broken down…

A

Mechanically and chemically using enzymes

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7
Q

From the _ to anus, the digestive tract is a

A

Pharynx, continuous tube which food passes

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8
Q

What allows the digestive tract to move contents in one direction

A

Circular and longitudinal muscles contracted for peristalsis

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9
Q

Primary muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis, masseter and pterygoid muscles

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10
Q

Temporalis originates from

A

Lateral skull

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11
Q

Temporalis inserts on

A

Coronoid process of mandible

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12
Q

Temporalis acts to

A

Elevate mandible

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13
Q

Masseter originates from

A

Zygomatic arch

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14
Q

Masseter inserts on

A

Lateral surface of mandible and angle

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15
Q

Masseter acts to

A

Elevate the mandible

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16
Q

Medial and lateral pterygoids originate from the

A

Lateral pterygoid plate of pterygoid process

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17
Q

Lateral pterygoid inserts on

A

disc of temporomandibular joint

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18
Q

Medial pterygoid inserts on

A

Angle of mandible

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19
Q

Medial and lateral pterygoids both work together to

A

Move mandible side to side for grinding

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20
Q

Muscles of mastication are innervated by…

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)

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21
Q

Oral cavity is space between

A

Dental arches

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22
Q

the space between the dental arches and lips/cheeks

A

vestibule

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23
Q

the roof of the oral cavity

A

palate

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24
Q

hard palate is formed by

A

maxillary and palatine bones.

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25
Q

soft palate is

A

fibromuscular

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26
Q

Uvula hangs off the

A

Posterior midline of soft palate

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27
Q

Helps seal off the uvula during swallowing

A

Nasopharynx

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28
Q

the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles help move food to the__and form….

A

pharynx with

swallowing and form a “bed” for the palatine tonsil.

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29
Q

mucosal fold connected to upper lip.

A

superior labial frenulum

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30
Q

mucosal fold connected to lower lip.

A

inferior labial frenulum

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31
Q

mucosal fold connected to inferior surface of tongue.

A

lingual frenulum

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32
Q

Tongue is formed by

A

instrinsic muscles that can change the shape of the tongue.

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33
Q

extrinsic muscles move the tongue

A

around in the oral cavity

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34
Q

the largest of the extrinsic muscles is the

A

genioglossus muscle

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35
Q

The genioglossus muscle extends from the

A

“genu” of the mandible into the tongue.

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36
Q

Tongue can be divided into the…

A

body (anterior 2/3) and root (posterior 1/3).

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37
Q

the body of the tongue is covered by mucous membrane with specialized features called

A

papillae

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38
Q

the root of the tongue has the

A

lingual tonsil

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39
Q

general sensation from body of the tongue carried by

A

mandibular division of trigeminal

nerve (V3).

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40
Q

taste from body of the tongue is carried by

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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41
Q

general sensation and taste from root of the tongue is carried by the

A

glossopharyngeal

nerve (CN IX).

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42
Q

muscles of the tongue are innervated by

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

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43
Q

strong muscle that protrudes the tongue

A

genioglossus

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44
Q

genioglossus is often used to tear the integrity of the

A

hypoglossal nerve.

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45
Q

assists with initial activities of digestion.

A

saliva

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46
Q

volume of secreted saliva is estimated at

A

1.0 – 1.5 liters a day.

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47
Q

Percent of saliva that’s water

A

99.5%

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48
Q

Saliva function

A

lubricates structures in oral cavity.

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49
Q

amylase in saliva begins to break down

A

carbohydrates

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50
Q

saliva also contains

A

antibodies and antibacterial substances

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51
Q

largest of the salivary glands.

A

parotid glands

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52
Q

parotid gland are near

A

angle of mandible.

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53
Q

parotid glands transport saliva to oral cavity by

A

Parotid duct

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54
Q

Parotid glands produce what percent of saliva

A

25 - 30% of the saliva.

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55
Q

Parotid glands get their parasympathetic innervation from

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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56
Q

submandibular glands located in

A

upper neck, under body of mandible.

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57
Q

submandibular glands transport saliva to oral cavity by

A

submandibular duct.

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58
Q

submandibular glands produce what percent of saliva

A

60 – 70% of the saliva.

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59
Q

submandibular glands get their parasympathetic innervation from

A

facial nerve (CN VII).

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60
Q

sublingual glands located under the

A

tongue in floor of oral cavity.

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61
Q

sublingual glands produce what percent of saliva

A

3 – 5% of total saliva

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62
Q

sublingual glands get their parasympathetic innervation from

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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63
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A

Oral preparatory phase, elevation, reset

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64
Q

In the oral preparatory phase of swallowing

A

the tongue moves food around and muscles of mastication break it down mechanically. Saliva is added to begin chemical breakdown.

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65
Q

In the elevation phase of swallowing

A

The larynx elevates and the pharynx shortens (and widens) to receive food.

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66
Q

In the reset phase of swallowing

A

the larynx lowers and pharynx lengthens and becomes more narrow; propels food from the pharynx into the esophagus

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67
Q

What muscles elevate the larynx during the 2nd phase of swallowing

A

suprahyoid muscles

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68
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles

A

Digastric and mylohyoid

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69
Q

pull it down to reset its position during the 3rd phase:

A

infrahyoid muscles

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70
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles

A

sternohyoid and sternothyroid

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71
Q

The esophagus descends along the

A

Posterior thorax and passes through diaphragm

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72
Q

The esophagus does not

A

absorb nutrients

73
Q

Esophagus is composed of what tissue

A

thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

74
Q

has elastic fibers to allow distension during swallowing

A

submucosa

75
Q

In the esophagus, the muscular layer has

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal components

76
Q

The upper part of the esophagus has

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

77
Q

inferior part of esophagus has

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)

78
Q

Esophageal sphincter between

A

Esophagus and stomach

79
Q

prevent movement of food

from stomach into esophagus

A

esophageal sphincter

80
Q

entryway into stomach from esophagus

A

cardia

81
Q

dome of stomach.

A

fundus

82
Q

large, middle region.

A

Body

83
Q

funnel-shaped end of stomach

A

pyloric region

84
Q

control food

leaving stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

85
Q

lesser curvature

A

small concavity of right side

86
Q

greater curvature

A

large convexity of left side

87
Q

gastric folds (rugae)

A

internal folds of stomach (allow expansion)

88
Q

The stomach is lines with what tissue

A

simple columnar epithelium with surface mucous cells

89
Q

receive secretions from gastric glands.

A

gastric pits

90
Q

Gastric glands consist of

A

Chief, parietal, mucous neck, enteroendocrine cells

91
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipases

92
Q

Pepsinogens break down

A

Protein

93
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

94
Q

Binds vitamin B 12

A

Parietal cells

95
Q

Mucous neck cells secretes

A

Acid fluid containing mucin

96
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secretes

A

Gastrin to stimulate muscle contractions

97
Q

The small intestine legnth

A

20 ft long

98
Q

In the small intense, what percent of nutrients are absorbed

A

90%

99
Q

First part, second, and third part of small intestines

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

100
Q

Length of duodenum

A

10 inches long

101
Q

Shape of duodenum and cradles what

A

C shaped and cradles the head of the pancreas

102
Q

The duodenum receives secretions (bile) from

A

liver and gallbladder

103
Q

Receives digestive enzymes from pancreas

A

Duodenum

104
Q

How long is the jejunum

A

7.5 ft

105
Q

It is the main region of the small intensive for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

A

Jejunum

106
Q

How long is the ileum

A

10 ft long

107
Q

Distal end of ileum terminates at the

A

ileocecal valve

108
Q

Controls movements of materials into large intestine

A

Ileum

109
Q

The small intestine has

A

Mucosa, muscular layer, and serosa

110
Q

The mucosa is thrown into

A

Circular folds

111
Q

The small intense has finger like villi that

A

Increase SA for absorption and secretion

112
Q

The endothelium of the small intestine consists of

A

Simple columnar epithelia with microvilli and goblet cells

113
Q

The simple columnar epithelial cells in the small intestine absorb

A

Nutrients and water

114
Q

In the center of each villus, there is a

A

Capillary network and lacteal

115
Q

Lacteals transport

A

Lymph and dietary lipids

116
Q

Intestinal glands contain

A

Unicellular gland cells and enteroendocrine cells

117
Q

Secretes hormones in small intestine

A

Enteroendocrine cells

118
Q

Can slow movement down of food out of the stomach

A

Enteroendocrine cells

119
Q

Submucosal produce an alkaline mucus to protect the

A

Duodenum from acidic chyme

120
Q

Large intestine is how long and function

A

5feet long and absorbs water and ions from remaining digested material

121
Q

The large intestine consists of the

A

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

122
Q

Parts of large intestine in order….

A

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

123
Q

Pouch like structure extending inferiorly from the ileoceal valve

A

Cecum

124
Q

What is attached to the cecum

A

Appendix

125
Q

The ascending colon ascends on the

A

Right side of the abdomen from cecum to liver

126
Q

The ascending colon transitions into the __ at the __

A

Transverse colon at right flexure

127
Q

Originates at the right colic flexure and courses to the left, inferior to the stomach

A

Transverse colon

128
Q

As __ approaches the spleen, it turns inferiorly at the splenic flexure to become the

A

Transverse colon, descending colon

129
Q

along the left side of abdomen from left colic flexure to ilium

A

Descending colon

130
Q

The sigmoid colon courses over the

A

Iliac fossa and descends into the pelvis and into rectum

131
Q

Three external longitudinal bands of smooth muscle are visible in the large intestine

A

Teniae coli

132
Q

Function of teniae coli…

A

Help shorten large intestine during peristalsis

133
Q

Teniae coli are _ than the length of the large intestine

A

Shorter

134
Q

Large intestine forms pouches

A

Haustra

135
Q

Internal anal sphincter is __ and under control of __

A

Smooth muscle and under the control of ANS

136
Q

External anal sphincter is _ muscle and under control of __

A

Skeletal muscle, somatic motor system

137
Q

Mucosa of the large intestine is lined with

A

Simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells

138
Q

Simple columnar cells continue to

A

Absorb nutrients and water

139
Q

Goblet cells secrete mucus to

A

Lubricate the undigested material

140
Q

The mucosa in the large intestine lack

A

Villi

141
Q

The muscular layer in the large intestine has a

A

Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer in the form of taniae coli

142
Q

What’s found in the submucosa of the large intestine

A

Lymphatic nodules

143
Q

The reflex center in the brain activates under

A

Parasympathetics

144
Q

Parasympathetics cause the internal anal sphincter to __ and the wall of the rectum to __

A

Relax, contract

145
Q

Sympathetic store feces by

A

Relaxing wall of rectum and contracting internal anal sphincter

146
Q

Parasympathetics release feces by

A

Relaxing internal anal sphincter and contracting wall or rectum

147
Q

Outgrowths of the colon mucosa into the lumen

A

Polyps

148
Q

Part of the stomach that protrudes through the diaphragm into thorax

A

Hiatal hernia

149
Q

Out pocketing of the intestinal wall, usually the large intestine

A

Diverticulitis

150
Q

Erosion of the lining of stomach or duodenum

A

Peptic ulcer

151
Q

Superior surface of liver is fused to the

A

Diaphragm above

152
Q

Large organ located in upper right quadrant of abdomen

A

Liver

153
Q

Liver consists of

A

two major lobes and two minor lobes

154
Q

Separates right and left lobes and attaches liver to abdominal wall

A

Falciform ligament

155
Q

During fetal circulation, the round ligament was a

A

Functional blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from placenta

156
Q

At The inferior aspect of the falciform ligament there is a dense cord of tissue called

A

Round ligament of liver

157
Q

Function of liver

A

Remove harmful substances from food being absorbed by the GI tract and hepatic portal vein

158
Q

Liver produces

A

Bile to break down fats

159
Q

Bile is transported to the

A

Duodenum

160
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Stores bile

161
Q

Liver is considered to be an

A

Exocrine gland

162
Q

Right and left lobes of liver seen

A

Anteriorly

163
Q

Liver secretes bile into

A

Hepatic ducts

164
Q

Gallbladder secretes bile into the

A

Cystic duct

165
Q

What forms the common bile duct

A

Hepatic and cystic duct

166
Q

Pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to empty into

A

Duodenum

167
Q

Pancreas has what function

A

Exocrine and endocrine

168
Q

The exocrine part of the pancreas consists of

A

Acinar cells

169
Q

synthesize and secrete

pancreatic juice to help with digestion

A

Acinar cells

170
Q

the pancreatic juice consists of

A

mucin and digestive enzymes

171
Q

the endocrine part of the pancreas includes

A

islet cells which produce insulin

172
Q

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called

A

Peritoneum

173
Q

as the abdominal organs grow into the abdominal cavity, they acquir

A

a covering of

peritoneum.

174
Q

when peritoneum is found on the surface of an abdominal organ, it is called

A

visceral

peritoneum.

175
Q

when peritoneum is found on the inner wall of the abdominal cavity, it is called

A

parietal

peritoneum.

176
Q

when the peritoneum sandwiches the neurovascular supply of “intraperitoneal” organs, it is called

A

mesentery

177
Q

certain parts of the digestive tract (such as the small intestine, transverse colon and
sigmoid colon) grow into the abdominal cavity such that the

A

peritoneum behind them “collapses” on the nerves and blood vessels traveling to them.

178
Q

Has mucosa that has circular folds and villi

A

Ileum

179
Q

3rd phase of swallowing what happens

A

Larynx moves down

Anatomy (25 decks)

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