Exam 5: Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
The digestive system function…
A
Ingests food, transports it, and breaks it into smaller components
2
Q
The digestive system consists of…
A
Alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs
3
Q
As food passes through the alimentary canal, accessory digestive organs…
A
Add substances to assist with the food breakdown
4
Q
From the mouth to the anus, the tubular alimentary canal exhibits…
A
Circular and longitudinal muscles
5
Q
Coordinated rhythmic contractions of the gastrointestinal tract
A
Peristalsis
6
Q
Food is broken down…
A
Mechanically and chemically using enzymes
7
Q
From the _ to anus, the digestive tract is a
A
Pharynx, continuous tube which food passes
8
Q
What allows the digestive tract to move contents in one direction
A
Circular and longitudinal muscles contracted for peristalsis
9
Q
Primary muscles of mastication
A
Temporalis, masseter and pterygoid muscles
10
Q
Temporalis originates from
A
Lateral skull
11
Q
Temporalis inserts on
A
Coronoid process of mandible
12
Q
Temporalis acts to
A
Elevate mandible
13
Q
Masseter originates from
A
Zygomatic arch
14
Q
Masseter inserts on
A
Lateral surface of mandible and angle
15
Q
Masseter acts to
A
Elevate the mandible
16
Q
Medial and lateral pterygoids originate from the
A
Lateral pterygoid plate of pterygoid process
17
Q
Lateral pterygoid inserts on
A
disc of temporomandibular joint
18
Q
Medial pterygoid inserts on
A
Angle of mandible
19
Q
Medial and lateral pterygoids both work together to
A
Move mandible side to side for grinding
20
Q
Muscles of mastication are innervated by…
A
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)
21
Q
Oral cavity is space between
A
Dental arches
22
Q
the space between the dental arches and lips/cheeks
A
vestibule
23
Q
the roof of the oral cavity
A
palate
24
Q
hard palate is formed by
A
maxillary and palatine bones.
25
soft palate is
fibromuscular
26
Uvula hangs off the
Posterior midline of soft palate
27
Helps seal off the uvula during swallowing
Nasopharynx
28
the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles help move food to the__and form….
pharynx with
| swallowing and form a “bed” for the palatine tonsil.
29
mucosal fold connected to upper lip.
superior labial frenulum
30
mucosal fold connected to lower lip.
inferior labial frenulum
31
mucosal fold connected to inferior surface of tongue.
lingual frenulum
32
Tongue is formed by
instrinsic muscles that can change the shape of the tongue.
33
extrinsic muscles move the tongue
around in the oral cavity
34
the largest of the extrinsic muscles is the
genioglossus muscle
35
The genioglossus muscle extends from the
“genu” of the mandible into the tongue.
36
Tongue can be divided into the…
body (anterior 2/3) and root (posterior 1/3).
37
the body of the tongue is covered by mucous membrane with specialized features called
papillae
38
the root of the tongue has the
lingual tonsil
39
general sensation from body of the tongue carried by
mandibular division of trigeminal
| nerve (V3).
40
taste from body of the tongue is carried by
facial nerve (CN VII)
41
general sensation and taste from root of the tongue is carried by the
glossopharyngeal
| nerve (CN IX).
42
muscles of the tongue are innervated by
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
43
strong muscle that protrudes the tongue
genioglossus
44
genioglossus is often used to tear the integrity of the
hypoglossal nerve.
45
assists with initial activities of digestion.
saliva
46
volume of secreted saliva is estimated at
1.0 – 1.5 liters a day.
47
Percent of saliva that’s water
99.5%
48
Saliva function
lubricates structures in oral cavity.
49
amylase in saliva begins to break down
carbohydrates
50
saliva also contains
antibodies and antibacterial substances
51
largest of the salivary glands.
parotid glands
52
parotid gland are near
angle of mandible.
53
parotid glands transport saliva to oral cavity by
Parotid duct
54
Parotid glands produce what percent of saliva
25 - 30% of the saliva.
55
Parotid glands get their parasympathetic innervation from
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
56
submandibular glands located in
upper neck, under body of mandible.
57
submandibular glands transport saliva to oral cavity by
submandibular duct.
58
submandibular glands produce what percent of saliva
60 – 70% of the saliva.
59
submandibular glands get their parasympathetic innervation from
facial nerve (CN VII).
60
sublingual glands located under the
tongue in floor of oral cavity.
61
sublingual glands produce what percent of saliva
3 – 5% of total saliva
62
sublingual glands get their parasympathetic innervation from
facial nerve (CN VII)
63
3 phases of swallowing
Oral preparatory phase, elevation, reset
64
In the oral preparatory phase of swallowing
the tongue moves food around and muscles of mastication break it down mechanically. Saliva is added to begin chemical breakdown.
65
In the elevation phase of swallowing
The larynx elevates and the pharynx shortens (and widens) to receive food.
66
In the reset phase of swallowing
the larynx lowers and pharynx lengthens and becomes more narrow; propels food from the pharynx into the esophagus
67
What muscles elevate the larynx during the 2nd phase of swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
68
What are the suprahyoid muscles
Digastric and mylohyoid
69
pull it down to reset its position during the 3rd phase:
infrahyoid muscles
70
What are the infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid and sternothyroid
71
The esophagus descends along the
Posterior thorax and passes through diaphragm
72
The esophagus does not
absorb nutrients
73
Esophagus is composed of what tissue
thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
74
has elastic fibers to allow distension during swallowing
submucosa
75
In the esophagus, the muscular layer has
Inner circular and outer longitudinal components
76
The upper part of the esophagus has
Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
77
inferior part of esophagus has
smooth muscle (involuntary)
78
Esophageal sphincter between
Esophagus and stomach
79
prevent movement of food
| from stomach into esophagus
esophageal sphincter
80
entryway into stomach from esophagus
cardia
81
dome of stomach.
fundus
82
large, middle region.
Body
83
funnel-shaped end of stomach
pyloric region
84
control food
| leaving stomach
pyloric sphincter
85
lesser curvature
small concavity of right side
86
greater curvature
large convexity of left side
87
gastric folds (rugae)
internal folds of stomach (allow expansion)
88
The stomach is lines with what tissue
simple columnar epithelium with surface mucous cells
89
receive secretions from gastric glands.
gastric pits
90
Gastric glands consist of
Chief, parietal, mucous neck, enteroendocrine cells
91
Chief cells secrete
Pepsinogen and gastric lipases
92
Pepsinogens break down
Protein
93
Parietal cells secrete
Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
94
Binds vitamin B 12
Parietal cells
95
Mucous neck cells secretes
Acid fluid containing mucin
96
Enteroendocrine cells secretes
Gastrin to stimulate muscle contractions
97
The small intestine legnth
20 ft long
98
In the small intense, what percent of nutrients are absorbed
90%
99
First part, second, and third part of small intestines
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
100
Length of duodenum
10 inches long
101
Shape of duodenum and cradles what
C shaped and cradles the head of the pancreas
102
The duodenum receives secretions (bile) from
liver and gallbladder
103
Receives digestive enzymes from pancreas
Duodenum
104
How long is the jejunum
7.5 ft
105
It is the main region of the small intensive for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Jejunum
106
How long is the ileum
10 ft long
107
Distal end of ileum terminates at the
ileocecal valve
108
Controls movements of materials into large intestine
Ileum
109
The small intestine has
Mucosa, muscular layer, and serosa
110
The mucosa is thrown into
Circular folds
111
The small intense has finger like villi that
Increase SA for absorption and secretion
112
The endothelium of the small intestine consists of
Simple columnar epithelia with microvilli and goblet cells
113
The simple columnar epithelial cells in the small intestine absorb
Nutrients and water
114
In the center of each villus, there is a
Capillary network and lacteal
115
Lacteals transport
Lymph and dietary lipids
116
Intestinal glands contain
Unicellular gland cells and enteroendocrine cells
117
Secretes hormones in small intestine
Enteroendocrine cells
118
Can slow movement down of food out of the stomach
Enteroendocrine cells
119
Submucosal produce an alkaline mucus to protect the
Duodenum from acidic chyme
120
Large intestine is how long and function
5feet long and absorbs water and ions from remaining digested material
121
The large intestine consists of the
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
122
Parts of large intestine in order….
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
123
Pouch like structure extending inferiorly from the ileoceal valve
Cecum
124
What is attached to the cecum
Appendix
125
The ascending colon ascends on the
Right side of the abdomen from cecum to liver
126
The ascending colon transitions into the __ at the __
Transverse colon at right flexure
127
Originates at the right colic flexure and courses to the left, inferior to the stomach
Transverse colon
128
As __ approaches the spleen, it turns inferiorly at the splenic flexure to become the
Transverse colon, descending colon
129
along the left side of abdomen from left colic flexure to ilium
Descending colon
130
The sigmoid colon courses over the
Iliac fossa and descends into the pelvis and into rectum
131
Three external longitudinal bands of smooth muscle are visible in the large intestine
Teniae coli
132
Function of teniae coli…
Help shorten large intestine during peristalsis
133
Teniae coli are _ than the length of the large intestine
Shorter
134
Large intestine forms pouches
Haustra
135
Internal anal sphincter is __ and under control of __
Smooth muscle and under the control of ANS
136
External anal sphincter is _ muscle and under control of __
Skeletal muscle, somatic motor system
137
Mucosa of the large intestine is lined with
Simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells
138
Simple columnar cells continue to
Absorb nutrients and water
139
Goblet cells secrete mucus to
Lubricate the undigested material
140
The mucosa in the large intestine lack
Villi
141
The muscular layer in the large intestine has a
Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer in the form of taniae coli
142
What’s found in the submucosa of the large intestine
Lymphatic nodules
143
The reflex center in the brain activates under
Parasympathetics
144
Parasympathetics cause the internal anal sphincter to __ and the wall of the rectum to __
Relax, contract
145
Sympathetic store feces by
Relaxing wall of rectum and contracting internal anal sphincter
146
Parasympathetics release feces by
Relaxing internal anal sphincter and contracting wall or rectum
147
Outgrowths of the colon mucosa into the lumen
Polyps
148
Part of the stomach that protrudes through the diaphragm into thorax
Hiatal hernia
149
Out pocketing of the intestinal wall, usually the large intestine
Diverticulitis
150
Erosion of the lining of stomach or duodenum
Peptic ulcer
151
Superior surface of liver is fused to the
Diaphragm above
152
Large organ located in upper right quadrant of abdomen
Liver
153
Liver consists of
two major lobes and two minor lobes
154
Separates right and left lobes and attaches liver to abdominal wall
Falciform ligament
155
During fetal circulation, the round ligament was a
Functional blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from placenta
156
At The inferior aspect of the falciform ligament there is a dense cord of tissue called
Round ligament of liver
157
Function of liver
Remove harmful substances from food being absorbed by the GI tract and hepatic portal vein
158
Liver produces
Bile to break down fats
159
Bile is transported to the
Duodenum
160
Gallbladder function
Stores bile
161
Liver is considered to be an
Exocrine gland
162
Right and left lobes of liver seen
Anteriorly
163
Liver secretes bile into
Hepatic ducts
164
Gallbladder secretes bile into the
Cystic duct
165
What forms the common bile duct
Hepatic and cystic duct
166
Pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to empty into
Duodenum
167
Pancreas has what function
Exocrine and endocrine
168
The exocrine part of the pancreas consists of
Acinar cells
169
synthesize and secrete
| pancreatic juice to help with digestion
Acinar cells
170
the pancreatic juice consists of
mucin and digestive enzymes
171
the endocrine part of the pancreas includes
islet cells which produce insulin
172
The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called
Peritoneum
173
as the abdominal organs grow into the abdominal cavity, they acquir
a covering of
| peritoneum.
174
when peritoneum is found on the surface of an abdominal organ, it is called
visceral
| peritoneum.
175
when peritoneum is found on the inner wall of the abdominal cavity, it is called
parietal
| peritoneum.
176
when the peritoneum sandwiches the neurovascular supply of “intraperitoneal” organs, it is called
mesentery
177
certain parts of the digestive tract (such as the small intestine, transverse colon and
sigmoid colon) grow into the abdominal cavity such that the
peritoneum behind them “collapses” on the nerves and blood vessels traveling to them.
178
Has mucosa that has circular folds and villi
Ileum
179
3rd phase of swallowing what happens
Larynx moves down
