Exam 4: Revised Respiratory System Flashcards
The thoracic wall is a boney framework made up of
Ribs that articulate with vertebra (posteriorly) and sternum (anteriorly)
Openings at the superior and inferior end of the thoracic wall
Apertures
What is significant about the inferior opening
It is covered completely by respiratory diaphragm, results in respiration
What type of epithelium would we find in the nasal vestibule
Stratified squamous
What is the location of the nasal conchae
Lateral walls of nasal cavity
Function of the nasal conchae
Increase SA of nasal cavity and create turbulence that retains air in cavity
Paranasal sinus functions
Lighten skull, tone voice, maintains moisture in cavity, and protect vital face structures
Identify drainage of paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity
Drain into nasal cavity by nasal meatuses, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid drain into nasal cavity under superior/middle conchae.
Nasal septum is made from fusion of which bones
Ethmoid and vomer bone
Epithelium within nasal vestibule
Stratified squamous
Epithelium within nasal cavity
Respiratory epithelium
Respiratory epithelium is composed of
Pseudo stratified, ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Function of cilia
Clear foreign particles from respiratory tract
Goblet cells function
Mucus production
Function of olfactory epithelium
Sense of smell
Three structures within olfactory epithelium that contribute to sense of smell
Olfactory receptor cells, olfactory glands, olfactory bulb
Respiratory mucosa function and parts
Protectant/secretant
Respiratory epithelium, thick basement membrane, and seromucus glands in lamina propria
Function of sero mucosal glands
Produce serious fluid and mucus
Air or food pathway for larynx parts
Nasopharynx is air, oropharynx and laryngopharynx are food and air
Epithelium is nasopharynx
Respiratory
Boundaries of nasopharynx
Extends from internal nares to soft palate (contains tonsils and uvula)
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx epithelium
Stratified squamous
Boundaries of oropharynx
Soft palate to hyoid bone, palatine and lingual tonsils included
Boundaries of laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone to inferior border of cricoid cartilage, opening to larynx and esophagus
Specific functions of larynx
Sound production
Protects posterior larynx side by wrapping around, ringlike, inferior to thyroid cartilage with inferior horns
Cricoid cartilage
The epiglottis is attached to
Cricoid cartilage
Directs food into esophagus by closing laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Epiglottis
Function of vocal fold
Primary source of sound production, vibrate and air passes through.
Forms Adam’s apple, large C shaped, covers only __ side of larynx
Thyroid cartilage, anterior
Anterior attachment of vocal ligaments
Thyroid cartilage
Posterior attachment of vocal ligaments
Artynenoid cartilage
Epithelium in trachea
Respiratory epithelium
What structure is unique to trachea and where is it located
C shaped rings support trachea, flexible tube extends inferiorly from larynx to lungs
Significance of smooth muscle in the trachea
Allows esophagus to slightly bulge into the lumen of the trachea when swallowing, constricts airway if somethings stuck
Trachea and primary bronchi characteristics
Cartilaginous rings support, trachea bifureates unevenly—right bronchus enters lungs more vertically and wider than left bronchus
Material in bronchi or trachea more likely to become lodged on
Right side
In the secondary bronchi,
Present with a reduction in cartilage because smaller sized, cartilaginous plates
Why are the lungs asymmetrical
Right lung doesn’t have heart on its side, forms middle lobe.
Left lung has cardiac impression on medial surface and lingula because of heart
Cardiac notch on left lung is on the
Anterior border
Pulmonary arteries are what kind of structures
Superior structures
Pulmonary veins are what kind of structures
Inferior
Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
Arteries
Exit lungs and carry oxygenated blood to left atrium
Veins
Why is cartilage present on bronchi
Hyaline cartilage is present to support bronchi and keep airway open so bronchi doesn’t collapse
Epithelium that lines the alveolar duct and why
Simple squamous because gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
Terminal clusters of alveoli
Alveolar sac
Communication between multiple alveoli and collateral ventilation
Alveolar pore
Type 1 pneumocytes
Simple squamous cell, promotes rapid gas diffusion across wall
Type 2 pneumocytes
Produce surfactant, function as stem cell, reduce tension and prevent alveoli collapse
Dust cells
Keep alveoli clean and remove foreign cells, migratory (macrophage)
The blood air barrier is formed by
Pulmonary capillaries and alveoli, 2 simple squamous layers and fused basement membrane
Parietal and visceral pleura are connected by
Serious fluid
Parietal pleura attaches
Lining thoracic cavity, chest to wall
Visceral pleura covers the
Lungs
Diaphragm role in quiet respiration
External intercostals and diaphragm alternately contracts and relax
Effect of contraction on external intercostals on thoracic cavity
Alternatively increase and decrease volume
Muscles in forced inhalation
Pectoralis minor and serratus posterior superior = superior to thoracic cavity
Muscles and location of forces exhalation
Serratus posterior inferior, abdominals, and internal intercostals= inferior to thoracic cavity
Diaphragm innervates by
Phrenic nerve (somatic)
Intercostal muscles innervated by
Intercostal nerves that lie in intercostal spaces
What’s the respiratory center
Gathers info from stretch receptors in lungs and chemoreceptors in arteries
The function of respiratory center
Sets baseline rate needed to maintain oxygen during rest
Respiratory center found in
Medulla
What are mechanoreceptors
Stretch receptors in lungs
Where are mechanoreceptors found
Smooth muscle, respond to excessive stretching in lung
How do the mechanoreceptors respond to large inspirations?
Stop inhalation, initiates exhalation
What are the chemoreceptors?
Sense changes in blood oxygen and co2 levels= trigger inhalation
Where are the chemoreceptors found.
Aortic and carotid bodies
Which cranial nerves transmit information from the carotid bodies?
From the aortic bodies?
Carotid= CN IX glossopharyngeal Aortic= CN X vagus
Order of bronchus distribution
Primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, bronchioles (no cartilage) , and terminal bronchioles
Sympathetic ANS stimulation
Bronchodilation
Parasympathetic ANS
Bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion
Epithelium found in terminal bronchioles and bronchioles
Respiratory
Vocal ligaments originate on the
Thyroid cartilage and insert onto artyenoid cartilage
The posterior cricoartyenoid muscle extends from the and functions
Cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage, abducts vocal ligaments
Abducting vocal ligaments moves the vocal ligaments
Father apart
The arytenoid muscles will insert on each of the __ and when contracted will ___
Arytenoid cartilages, adduct or pull aryenoid cartilages together
Membrane that extends from cricoid cartilage to vocal ligaments
Conus elasticus
Function of Conus elasticus
Forces air through the space between the vocal ligaments
Space between vocal ligaments
Rima glottidis
As muscles move the vocal ligaments the rima glottidis…
Changes shape, changing sound air as it passes
