Exam 4: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
The cardiovascular system includes the
Heart and blood vessels
The cardiovascular system is a
Closed circular system for blood
Order of cardiovascular system
Blood is pumped from heart, then arteries, then capillaries, then veins, and heart
Embryonic development of the heart begins as a
Tube, with a receiving and delivery end
The receiving end of the tube is known as the _ and the delivery end is known as the
Venous end and arterial end
The embryonic development of the heart, by the 5th week becomes
S shaped
By the 7th week of The embryonic development of the heart,
It has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles
The atria are separated by the
interatrial septum
The ventricles are separated by the
Inter-ventricular septum
In the flow of the blood through the heart, the right atrium receives blood from the
Superior and inferior vena cava, which receive deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body
Blood from the right atrium moves into the
Right ventricle
The right ventricle pumps the _blood….
Deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and then to the pulmonary arteries to pick up oxygen
The freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs is returned to the
Heart by the pulmonary veins
The freshly oxygenated blood is emptied into the
Left atrium
The oxygenated blood from the _ moves into the _
Left atrium, left ventricle
The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood to the _ through the _
Upper snd lower body, not lungs, through the aorta
The pulmonary circuit includes the parts of the heart and blood vessels that delivers blood to….
The lungs and then returns it to the heart
The systemic circuit includes the parts of the heart and blood vessels that delivers blood to….
The body, not lungs, and returns it to the heart
Order in the systemic circuit
left ventricle, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and right atrium
Order of the pulmonary circuit
right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and left atrium.
Ventricles relax
Diastole
Ventricles contract
Systole
The cone shaped heart is about the size of your
Fist
The heart is located behind the
Sternum with apex pointing to the left at the 5th intercostal space
The part of the heart that rests on the diaphragm is the
Diaphragmatic surface
The anterior surface of the heart is the
Sternocostal surface
Most of the large vessels of the heart…
Enter and leave at the base
The heart is rotated somewhat
Counterclockwise
More of the right atrium and ventricle are visible from an
Anterior view
More of the left atrium and ventricle are visible from a
Posterior view
The heart is enclosed by a membranous sac called the
Pericardium
The outer layer of the pericardium is
Fibrous connective tissue and attached around the base of the great vessels
The inner layer of the sac is lined with a
Serious membrane called parietal pericardium
The pericardium reflects onto the surface of the heart as the
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium is called the
Pericardial space
The pericardial space contains a
Small amount of serous fluid for lubrication
What makes up the pericardial sac
Fibrous and parietal pericardium
Excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial space and can restrict filling of the chambers and ejection of blood from the heart
Cardiac tamponade
What is the muscle of the heart
Myocardium
The myocardium is thicker in the
Ventricles than in the atria
The rough appearance of myocardium in ventricles is called
Trabeculae carneae
The striated bands of myocardium in atria is called
Pectinate muscle
The pulmonary trunk delivers blood from the
Right ventricle to the lungs
The what carries blood from the left ventricle to all the tissues in the body except for the lungs
Aorta
What contracts at the same, moving blood into the ventricles
Atria
After the ventricles with blood they….
Contract together to pump blood out of the heart through their respective vessels
While the ventricles contract, the atria
Relax re-fill
While the ventricles relax, the atria
Contract
The heart valves keep blood moving
In one direction
What are the heart valves
Two artioventricular values and two semilunar valves
The cusps of the valves are comprised of
Reflections of endocardium
Atrioventricular valves are located between the
Atria and their respective ventricles
What is the right atrioventricular characteristics
Three cusps, tricuspid valve
The left atrioventricular valve characteristics
Has two cusps, called the bicuspid/mitral valve
As the ventricles contract, the increased pressure causes the…
Flaps of the valves to approximate one another to close
The cusps of the atrioventricular valves have
Chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles
How to prevent the valves from prolapsing into the atrium …
The papillary muscles contract with the ventricular wall, pulling chordae tendinae
During contraction of ventricles, blood is pumped…
Pumped into pulmonary trunk and aorta
During relaxation the ventricles blood is….
Prevented from returning to them by the semi lunar valves
The pulmonary semi lunar valve is located between the
Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
The aortic semi lunar valve is located between the
left ventricle and aorta
Each semilunar valve has how many cusps
3
Form a seal when blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk moves toward the ventricles
Semilunar valve
“Lub” sound is from the
AV valves closing
“Dub” sound is caused by the
Semilunar valves closing
AV valves closing, semilunar valves open
Ventricular systole
AV valves open, semilunar valves close
Ventricular diastole
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the
Base of the aorta
Supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium
Coronary arteries
Gives off the marginal artery and then travels to the back of the heart to descend into the posterior inter ventricular artery
Right coronary artery
Course to the ? A short distance before dividing into the anterior inter-ventricular artery and circumflex artery
Left coronary artery
Descends to the front of the heart, between the ventricles
Anterior inter ventricular artery
Courses around to the back of the heart, atrioventricular sulcus, providing branches to the left ventricle along the way
Circumflex artery
Cardiac veins carry..
Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium
What runs along with each of the main branches of the coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
The great cardiac vein runs with the
Anterior inter ventricular artery
The middle cardiac vein runs with the
Posterior inter ventricular artery
The small cardiac vein runs with the
Marginal artery
The veins all empty into the
coronary sinus
The coronary sinus opens into the
Right atrium
When coronary arteries become blocked with plaque, they cannot deliver blood to the
Myocardium
When a bypass is required, donor blood vessels are
Sewn to the aorta
The heart contracts approximately
72 beats per minute
The heart exhibits
Autorrhythmicity
Specialized cardiac muscle cells called conducting system spread…
Impulses through the myocardium
The heartbeat is initiated by the
SA node near superior vena cava
The SA node is referred to as the
Pacemaker of the heart
From the SA node, the impulses spread thru the walls of the
Atria, then collect at AV node in floor of the right atrium.
Impulses from the AV node flow through the…
Atrioventricular bundle
The atrioventricular bundle enters the…
Interventricular septum and divides into the right and left bundle branches
The bundle branches conduct impulses to fibers called
Purkinje fibers
A fibrous skeleton (CT) around the heart valves prevents…
The spread of conduction directly from the atrial walls to the ventricular walls
Heart rate is influence by
ANS
Cardiac control centers are in the
Medulla
Vagus nerve …
Decreases heart rate
Cardiac muscle tissue is
Striated and contracts by sliding fragments
Cardiac muscle cells are
Short and branched
Adjacent cardiac muscle cells are joined at the ends by
Intercalated discs
At junctions in cardiac muscle, the _ of cells interlock through finger like projections
Sarcolemma
Two regions of intercalated discs
Fascia adherens and gap junctions
Helps bind adjacent cells together and help transmit the contractile force to adjacent cells
Fascia adherens
Allow ions to pass between cells, allowing transmission of impulse to spread through cardiac muscle
Gap junctions
Steps in the cardiac cycle…
- Atrial systole
- Early ventricular systole
- Late ventricular systole
- Early ventricular diastole
- Late ventricular diastole
Contraction of the atria initiated by SA node causing ventricles to fill
Atrial systole
Atria relax and ventricles begin contracting, causing the AV valves to close (lub)
Early ventricular systole
Continued contraction of the ventricles cause the semilunar valves to open and blood is ejected into arterial trunks
Late ventricular systole
The ventricles begin to relax and the semilunar valves close to prevent blood from back flowing into ventricles (dub)
Early ventricular diastole
Continued relaxation of ventricles causes atrioventricular valves to open and atrial contractions fill ventricles
Late ventricular Diastole
Fatty deposits in arteries
Atherosclerosis
Chest pain
Angina pectoris
Heart attack due to blockage in coronary artery leading to cardiac muscle death
Myocardial infarction
Abnormal heart sound by faulty valve
Heart murmur
Abnormal heart rhythm
Arrythmia
Pumping efficiently of heart declines and heart enlarges
Congestive heart failure
Rapid, random electrical firing in the ventricles often leading cardiac arrest
Ventricular fibrillation 
Random burst of electrical activity in the atria, resulting in poorly coordinated contractions. Can lead to blood clots and stroke
Atrial fibrillation
Enlarged heart
Cardiomegaly
The developing fetus gets it oxygen from the 
placenta
In a fetus what carries oxygenated blood to the right atrium
Umbilical cord
A fetus has how many modifications that allow oxygenated blood in the right atrium to reach aorta 
2
First modification in fetus: allows blood to move from the right atrium directly into the left atrium
Foreman Ovale 
Second modification in fetus:  allows blood to pass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
Ductus arteriosus
One common congenital abnormalities of the heart is when the foreman ovale fails to close at the time of birth
Patent foramen ovale
One of the first signs of high blood pressure is
Thickening of the myocardium
Abnormal, focal dilation of a blood vessel. If the blood vessel ruptures it can be life-threatening
Aneurysm
When the peripheral resistance in the arteries increases to the point at which there was blood left in the ventricles following systole, The heart dilates and the myocardium becomes thinner
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Common symptoms of patent foramen ovale
Heart murmur, shortness of breath, fatigue, cyanosis, and stroke
The patent foramen ovale is an
Opening between left and right atria
Atherosclerosis also known as
Hypertrophic cardium, myocardium thickens
