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Anatomy > Exam 4: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system includes the

A

Heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

The cardiovascular system is a

A

Closed circular system for blood

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3
Q

Order of cardiovascular system

A

Blood is pumped from heart, then arteries, then capillaries, then veins, and heart

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4
Q

Embryonic development of the heart begins as a

A

Tube, with a receiving and delivery end

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5
Q

The receiving end of the tube is known as the _ and the delivery end is known as the

A

Venous end and arterial end

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6
Q

The embryonic development of the heart, by the 5th week becomes

A

S shaped

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7
Q

By the 7th week of The embryonic development of the heart,

A

It has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles

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8
Q

The atria are separated by the

A

interatrial septum

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9
Q

The ventricles are separated by the

A

Inter-ventricular septum

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10
Q

In the flow of the blood through the heart, the right atrium receives blood from the

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, which receive deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body

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11
Q

Blood from the right atrium moves into the

A

Right ventricle

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12
Q

The right ventricle pumps the _blood….

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and then to the pulmonary arteries to pick up oxygen

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13
Q

The freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs is returned to the

A

Heart by the pulmonary veins

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14
Q

The freshly oxygenated blood is emptied into the

A

Left atrium

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15
Q

The oxygenated blood from the _ moves into the _

A

Left atrium, left ventricle

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16
Q

The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood to the _ through the _

A

Upper snd lower body, not lungs, through the aorta

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17
Q

The pulmonary circuit includes the parts of the heart and blood vessels that delivers blood to….

A

The lungs and then returns it to the heart

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18
Q

The systemic circuit includes the parts of the heart and blood vessels that delivers blood to….

A

The body, not lungs, and returns it to the heart

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19
Q

Order in the systemic circuit

A

left ventricle, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and right atrium

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20
Q

Order of the pulmonary circuit

A

right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and left atrium.

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21
Q

Ventricles relax

A

Diastole

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22
Q

Ventricles contract

A

Systole

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23
Q

The cone shaped heart is about the size of your

A

Fist

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24
Q

The heart is located behind the

A

Sternum with apex pointing to the left at the 5th intercostal space

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25
Q

The part of the heart that rests on the diaphragm is the

A

Diaphragmatic surface

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26
Q

The anterior surface of the heart is the

A

Sternocostal surface

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27
Q

Most of the large vessels of the heart…

A

Enter and leave at the base

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28
Q

The heart is rotated somewhat

A

Counterclockwise

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29
Q

More of the right atrium and ventricle are visible from an

A

Anterior view

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30
Q

More of the left atrium and ventricle are visible from a

A

Posterior view

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31
Q

The heart is enclosed by a membranous sac called the

A

Pericardium

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32
Q

The outer layer of the pericardium is

A

Fibrous connective tissue and attached around the base of the great vessels

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33
Q

The inner layer of the sac is lined with a

A

Serious membrane called parietal pericardium

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34
Q

The pericardium reflects onto the surface of the heart as the

A

Visceral pericardium or epicardium

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35
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium is called the

A

Pericardial space

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36
Q

The pericardial space contains a

A

Small amount of serous fluid for lubrication

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37
Q

What makes up the pericardial sac

A

Fibrous and parietal pericardium

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38
Q

Excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial space and can restrict filling of the chambers and ejection of blood from the heart

A

Cardiac tamponade

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39
Q

What is the muscle of the heart

A

Myocardium

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40
Q

The myocardium is thicker in the

A

Ventricles than in the atria

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41
Q

The rough appearance of myocardium in ventricles is called

A

Trabeculae carneae

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42
Q

The striated bands of myocardium in atria is called

A

Pectinate muscle

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43
Q

The pulmonary trunk delivers blood from the

A

Right ventricle to the lungs

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44
Q

The what carries blood from the left ventricle to all the tissues in the body except for the lungs

A

Aorta

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45
Q

What contracts at the same, moving blood into the ventricles

A

Atria

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46
Q

After the ventricles with blood they….

A

Contract together to pump blood out of the heart through their respective vessels

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47
Q

While the ventricles contract, the atria

A

Relax re-fill

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48
Q

While the ventricles relax, the atria

A

Contract

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49
Q

The heart valves keep blood moving

A

In one direction

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50
Q

What are the heart valves

A

Two artioventricular values and two semilunar valves

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51
Q

The cusps of the valves are comprised of

A

Reflections of endocardium

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52
Q

Atrioventricular valves are located between the

A

Atria and their respective ventricles

53
Q

What is the right atrioventricular characteristics

A

Three cusps, tricuspid valve

54
Q

The left atrioventricular valve characteristics

A

Has two cusps, called the bicuspid/mitral valve

55
Q

As the ventricles contract, the increased pressure causes the…

A

Flaps of the valves to approximate one another to close

56
Q

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves have

A

Chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles

57
Q

How to prevent the valves from prolapsing into the atrium …

A

The papillary muscles contract with the ventricular wall, pulling chordae tendinae

58
Q

During contraction of ventricles, blood is pumped…

A

Pumped into pulmonary trunk and aorta

59
Q

During relaxation the ventricles blood is….

A

Prevented from returning to them by the semi lunar valves

60
Q

The pulmonary semi lunar valve is located between the

A

Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

61
Q

The aortic semi lunar valve is located between the

A

left ventricle and aorta

62
Q

Each semilunar valve has how many cusps

A

3

63
Q

Form a seal when blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk moves toward the ventricles

A

Semilunar valve

64
Q

“Lub” sound is from the

A

AV valves closing

65
Q

“Dub” sound is caused by the

A

Semilunar valves closing

66
Q

AV valves closing, semilunar valves open

A

Ventricular systole

67
Q

AV valves open, semilunar valves close

A

Ventricular diastole

68
Q

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the

A

Base of the aorta

69
Q

Supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium

A

Coronary arteries

70
Q

Gives off the marginal artery and then travels to the back of the heart to descend into the posterior inter ventricular artery

A

Right coronary artery

71
Q

Course to the ? A short distance before dividing into the anterior inter-ventricular artery and circumflex artery

A

Left coronary artery

72
Q

Descends to the front of the heart, between the ventricles

A

Anterior inter ventricular artery

73
Q

Courses around to the back of the heart, atrioventricular sulcus, providing branches to the left ventricle along the way

A

Circumflex artery

74
Q

Cardiac veins carry..

A

Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium

75
Q

What runs along with each of the main branches of the coronary arteries

A

Cardiac veins

76
Q

The great cardiac vein runs with the

A

Anterior inter ventricular artery

77
Q

The middle cardiac vein runs with the

A

Posterior inter ventricular artery

78
Q

The small cardiac vein runs with the

A

Marginal artery

79
Q

The veins all empty into the

A

coronary sinus

80
Q

The coronary sinus opens into the

A

Right atrium

81
Q

When coronary arteries become blocked with plaque, they cannot deliver blood to the

A

Myocardium

82
Q

When a bypass is required, donor blood vessels are

A

Sewn to the aorta

83
Q

The heart contracts approximately

A

72 beats per minute

84
Q

The heart exhibits

A

Autorrhythmicity

85
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells called conducting system spread…

A

Impulses through the myocardium

86
Q

The heartbeat is initiated by the

A

SA node near superior vena cava

87
Q

The SA node is referred to as the

A

Pacemaker of the heart

88
Q

From the SA node, the impulses spread thru the walls of the

A

Atria, then collect at AV node in floor of the right atrium.

89
Q

Impulses from the AV node flow through the…

A

Atrioventricular bundle

90
Q

The atrioventricular bundle enters the…

A

Interventricular septum and divides into the right and left bundle branches

91
Q

The bundle branches conduct impulses to fibers called

A

Purkinje fibers

92
Q

A fibrous skeleton (CT) around the heart valves prevents…

A

The spread of conduction directly from the atrial walls to the ventricular walls

93
Q

Heart rate is influence by

A

ANS

94
Q

Cardiac control centers are in the

A

Medulla

95
Q

Vagus nerve …

A

Decreases heart rate

96
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is

A

Striated and contracts by sliding fragments

97
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are

A

Short and branched

98
Q

Adjacent cardiac muscle cells are joined at the ends by

A

Intercalated discs

99
Q

At junctions in cardiac muscle, the _ of cells interlock through finger like projections

A

Sarcolemma

100
Q

Two regions of intercalated discs

A

Fascia adherens and gap junctions

101
Q

Helps bind adjacent cells together and help transmit the contractile force to adjacent cells

A

Fascia adherens

102
Q

Allow ions to pass between cells, allowing transmission of impulse to spread through cardiac muscle

A

Gap junctions

103
Q

Steps in the cardiac cycle…

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Early ventricular systole
  3. Late ventricular systole
  4. Early ventricular diastole
  5. Late ventricular diastole
104
Q

Contraction of the atria initiated by SA node causing ventricles to fill

A

Atrial systole

105
Q

Atria relax and ventricles begin contracting, causing the AV valves to close (lub)

A

Early ventricular systole

106
Q

Continued contraction of the ventricles cause the semilunar valves to open and blood is ejected into arterial trunks

A

Late ventricular systole

107
Q

The ventricles begin to relax and the semilunar valves close to prevent blood from back flowing into ventricles (dub)

A

Early ventricular diastole

108
Q

Continued relaxation of ventricles causes atrioventricular valves to open and atrial contractions fill ventricles

A

Late ventricular Diastole

109
Q

Fatty deposits in arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

110
Q

Chest pain

A

Angina pectoris

111
Q

Heart attack due to blockage in coronary artery leading to cardiac muscle death

A

Myocardial infarction

112
Q

Abnormal heart sound by faulty valve

A

Heart murmur

113
Q

Abnormal heart rhythm

A

Arrythmia

114
Q

Pumping efficiently of heart declines and heart enlarges

A

Congestive heart failure

115
Q

Rapid, random electrical firing in the ventricles often leading cardiac arrest

A

Ventricular fibrillation 

116
Q

Random burst of electrical activity in the atria, resulting in poorly coordinated contractions. Can lead to blood clots and stroke

A

Atrial fibrillation

117
Q

Enlarged heart

A

Cardiomegaly

118
Q

The developing fetus gets it oxygen from the 

A

placenta

119
Q

In a fetus what carries oxygenated blood to the right atrium

A

Umbilical cord

120
Q

A fetus has how many modifications that allow oxygenated blood in the right atrium to reach aorta 

A

2

121
Q

First modification in fetus: allows blood to move from the right atrium directly into the left atrium

A

Foreman Ovale 

122
Q

Second modification in fetus:  allows blood to pass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

123
Q

One common congenital abnormalities of the heart is when the foreman ovale fails to close at the time of birth

A

Patent foramen ovale

124
Q

One of the first signs of high blood pressure is

A

Thickening of the myocardium

125
Q

Abnormal, focal dilation of a blood vessel. If the blood vessel ruptures it can be life-threatening

A

Aneurysm

126
Q

When the peripheral resistance in the arteries increases to the point at which there was blood left in the ventricles following systole, The heart dilates and the myocardium becomes thinner

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

127
Q

Common symptoms of patent foramen ovale

A

Heart murmur, shortness of breath, fatigue, cyanosis, and stroke

128
Q

The patent foramen ovale is an

A

Opening between left and right atria

129
Q

Atherosclerosis also known as

A

Hypertrophic cardium, myocardium thickens

Anatomy (25 decks)

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