Exam 5: Female Reproductive Exam Flashcards
Main reproductive structures in female
Uterus and ovaries
What produces the female gametes
Ovaries
Once the oocytes are expelled from the surface of an ovary, they are swept up by
A uterine tube and sent to uterus
Inferior part of uterus
Cervix
Links to the vagina
Cervix
Uterus sits on the
Floor of the pelvis
The uterus sits between the
Urinary bladder and rectum
Dome like top of the uterus is called the
Fundus
Inferiorly the uterus tapers into the
Cervix
Cervix appearance
Doughnut like
Cuff around the cervix where vagina connects
Fornix
Wall of uterus has
Smooth muscle that contracts with menstruation and birth
The inner lining of uterus
Endometrium
Highly vascular and glandular tissue
Endometrium
Three pairs of structures attached to the superior-lateral aspect of the uterus
collectively called
Adnexa
Adnexa consists of the
Round ligaments, ovarian ligaments, and uterine tubes
What travels through the inguinal canal
Round ligaments
The round ligaments exit the __ and attach to the __
Canal, skin
Provides positional support to uterus
Round ligaments
The ovaries are attached to the uterus through
Ovarian ligaments
Transport oocytes from ovaries to the uterine cavity
Uterine tubes
Feature of uterine tubes
Have finger projections called fimbriae
Undulate and create currents to draw the oocytes into the tube at ovulation
Fimbriae
What moves the oocytes toward uterine cavity
Muscular contractions and ciliated columnar epithelia
From what view can you not see the round ligaments
Posterior
Ovarian ligament is covered by
Tunica albuginea
The board ligament is formed by the
Peritoneum that drapes over uterus and adnexa
Broad ligament is composed of two layers of peritoneum and divided into three parts:
Mesometrium, mesovarium, mesosalpinx
Part of broad ligament attached to sides of uterus
Mesometrium
Attached to ovary and ovarian ligament
Mesovarium
Attaches to the uterine tube
Mesosalpinx
The broad ligament provides some support to the
Uterus and Adnexa
the ovaries get their blood supply from the
ovarian arteries
Ovarian arteries branch from the
abdominal aorta inferior to the renal arteries
What travels with the arteries
Ovarian vein
Right ovarian vein drains into the
IVC
Left ovarian vein empties into the
Left renal vein
the uterus gets its blood supply from the
uterine arteries
Branches of the internal iliac artery
Uterine arteries
the ovarian artery and vein are covered by
peritoneum
The ovarian artery and vein form a
Suspensory ligament
Gonadal vessels from abdomen to ovary
Suspensory ligaments
The round ligament has cords of
CT
Peritoneum forms
pouches between organs
How many oocytes are developed when beginning puberty
1
Puberty ages
14 females
16 males
What is not present during oogenesis
Mitosis
Formation and development of the oocytes
Oogenesis
When a female reaches puberty, what releases GnRH
Hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates the
Anterior pituitary gland
During puberty, the pituitary gland releases
FSH and LH
During puberty, LSH and LH initiate the
Changes in the ovaries during oogenesis
What produces oocytes found in ovaries before birth
Oogonia
What occurs before birth in oogenesis
Replication of 46 chromatids to 92 and part way through meiosis 1
What oocyte travels part way through meiosis 1
Primary
Primary oocyte forms
23 chromosomes with 46 chromatids and 1st polar body
What are polar bodies
Non viable material, degenerates
A secondary oocyte completes
Meiosis 1 and starts meiosis 2 and stops
In oogenesis Meiosis 2 only finishes if
Fertilization occurs
Secondary oocyte forms
2nd polar body and 23 chromosomes/chromatids
Maturation of cells in the ovary occurs in the
Cortex
Blood vessels enter the ovary through the
Medulla
Primary oocytes replicate their DNA and begun meiosis 1
Before birth
At the time of birth the ovaries contain
Primordial follicles
Primary oocytes surrounded by flat follicle cells
Primordial follicles
The flat follicle cells in primordial follicles act as
Support cells
How many primordial follicles are there at the time of birth
1.5 million
Many of the primordial follicles __ during childhood
Degenerate
Primordial follicles appear during
Fetal development
A primary oocyte is arrested during
Meiosis 1
What follicles appear at puberty
Primary follicles
During puberty, The follicle cells around the primary oocyte become more
Cuboidal
The follicle cells in a primary follicle secrete
Estrogen which changes uterine lining
About __ primordial follicles mature into primary follicles every month. __ primary follicles mature into secondary
20, a few
Contains a primary oocyte surrounded with many layers of follicle cells
Secondary follicle
The secondary follicle, a fluid filled space develops called the
Antrum
Clear glycoprotein membrane around oocyte in a secondary follicle
Zona pellucida
Sperm cells penetrate what
Zona pellucida
__ of the secondary follicles studs into tertiary follicles
1 or 2
One of the secondary follicles continues to develop into a
Mature/ graafian follicle
In the mature follicle, the oocyte completes
meiosis 1 and begins meiosis 2, making it a secondary oocyte
Under the influence of the luteinizing hormone in the Graafian follicle the….
volume of fluid increases in antrum and pressure builds
The secondary oocyte is
Haploid
What day of the ovarian cycle does the mature follicle rupture
14
Mature follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte and some surrounding follicle cells
Ovulation
Following ovulation, the follicle cells remaining in the ovary form a mass called
Corpus luteum
The cells of the corpus luteum…
Secrete sex hormones that stimulate the build up of the endometrium in pregnancy
When corpus luteum stops producing sex hormones, it
Degenerates and forms a CT structure called corpus albicans
Doesn’t contain oocyte
Corpus luteum
What still secretes progesterone and estrogen to continue the built up of endometrium in pregnancy
Corpus luteum
Prepare for possible implantation of fertilized ovum
Corpus luteum
When a corpus luteum stops producing sex hormones, it
degenerates and forms a connective tissue structure called corpus albicans.
once released from the ovary, the secondary oocyte is
swept up by a uterine (fallopian) tube
Where does fertilization occur
Uterine tube (distal)
Sperm cells are deposited at the
Cervix
Sperm cells make their way into the ____ to meet the oocyte
Uterus and uterine tube
process whereby the sperm cell fuses with the oocyte to form a new cell containing genetic information from both parents
Fertilization
The joining of the 2 cells in fertilization, restores the
Diploid number (46 chromosomes)
following ovulation, the oocyte remains viable in the female reproductive tract for
No more than 24 hours
sperm cells can remain viable in the female reproductive tract for
Up to 4 days
the first sperm cell to arrive at the location of the oocyte works its way through the
surrounding cells to reach the
zona pellucida
__ releases enzymes to break down the zona pellucida
Acrosome of the sperm cell
When the zona pellucida is broken down it triggers…
Expansion from surface of the oocyte, preventing fertilization from sperm cells
When the sperm cell enters the oocyte it…
Releases DNA and oocyte completes meiosis 2 and a second polar body
the nuclear material of the sperm and oocyte unit and homologous chromosomes…
Pair to form diploid number of chromosomes (46)
the fertilized ovum (zygote) is moved by the
uterine tube to the uterine cavity
the zygote enters the uterine cavity about
6 days after fertilization
What results in pregnancy
implantation of the zygote in the wall of the uterus
if implantation does not occur…
There’s no pregnancy and menstruation occurs
Shedding of endometrium when
Implantation doesn’t occur
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized and if it successfully implants, the….
pre-embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
signals the corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone
will build and stabilize the uterine lining
progesterone
After how long, the placenta of the developing fetus starts producing its own
progesterone and estrogen.
3 months
if implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum…
regresses and the reduction of
progesterone and estrogen cause the uterine ling to be shed
At puberty, the hypothalamus releases…
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the
Pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
FSH and LH vary in a cyclic pattern to produce a monthly sequence of events called the
Ovarian cycle (28 days)
Phases of the ovarian cycle
- Follicular phase
- Ovulation
- Luteal phase
How long is the follicular phase
Days 1-13
In the follicular phase, FSH and LH stimulate
20 primordial follicles into primary into secondary into vestibular (Graafian) follicles
What day does ovulation happen
14
What days are the luteal phase
Day 15-28
During ovulation…
Secondary oocyte released from ovary
During the luteal phase….
Progesterone and estrogen are produced by corpus luteum to prepare for pregnancy
Maturation of primary oocyte into secondary
Oogenesis
Oogenesis begins in a female fetus, when the ovary
Contains primordial germ cells called oogonia
During the fetal period, the oogonia starts
Meiosis (primary oocytes)
Primary oocytes in the primordial follicles remain arrested in
Meiosis 1 until after puberty
During childhood about __ of the primary oocytes regress
1/3
Produced by follicle cells under control of FSH
Estrogen
Maintains function of reproductive organs
Estrogen
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
Stimulates bone and muscle growth
Estrogen
Produced mainly by corpus luteum
Progesterone
Maintains secretory function of endometrium
Progesterone
Endometrium can be divided into the
Basal layer and functional layer
With menstruation, the functional layer and parts of the glands and blood vessels are __ and the basal layer __
Shed, remains intact
when there are no more follicles in the ovaries
Menopause
Menopause Occurs between ages of
45-55
During menopause, the endometrium
Stops growing
occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the main cavity of the
uterus.
Ectopic Pregnancy
ectopic pregnancy that occurs within the uterine tube and does not make it to full term
A “tubal” pregnancy
an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus grows outside the uterus
Endometriosis
During the endometriosis, the displaced tissue
Has no way to exit the body and is trapped
when endometriosis involves the ovaries,
Cysts (endometriomas) may form
invented by Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou in the 1930s.
PAP smear
used in gynecology to detect premalignant and malignant processes in the cervix.
PAP smear
In a Pap smear, cells from the cervix are examined for
Pre cancerous changed (cervical neoplasia/dysplasia)
cervical cancers are usually caused by
HPVs
paired folds of skin, often with pubic hair
the labia majora
folds of skin immediately internal to the labia majora
the labia minora
the space between the labia minora is called the
vestibule
What opens into the vestibule
external urethral orifice and vaginal canal
on either side of the vaginal orifice is an erectile tissue structure called
bulb of the
vestibule
What tissue becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal
bulb of the vestibule
a pair of greater vestibular glands are located at the
posterior ends of the bulbar tissue
produce a sexual lubricant and have ducts which open near the 5 o’clock and 7 o’clock positions of the vaginal orifice.
greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
the primary sensory structure of the female external genitalia is the
Clitoris
the clitoris is a midline erectile tissue structure formed by the
convergence of the crura
the body of the clitoris is usually hidden by the
Prepuce
circular cuff around the cervix
Fornix
Where vagina attaches
Fornix
A needle can be passed through the posterior fornix into the ___ to remove abnormal fluid such as blood.
rectouterine pouch
The vagina is lined with what tissue
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Internal to the vagina lining is
Smooth muscle
The two crura join to form the
clitoris
Crura is anchored to the
ischiopubic rami
The bulb of the vestibule, supported by the __ , are found deep to the ___
perineal membrane, labia minora
the clitoris and bulb of the vestibule are __ which become engorged with blood during sexual arousal
erectile tissues
The crura are covered with muscle called
ischiocavernosus muscle
bulb of the vestibule covered by
bulbospongiosus muscle.
The bulbospongiosus muscle and Ischiocavernosus muscle function
Compress the veins of erectile tissues to keep blood to them longer
the pelvic floor is filled in with a cone-shaped muscle called
levator ani
interacts with the bladder neck and rectum through contractions to help with urinary and fecal continence
levator ani
the testes and ovaries develop from the
gonadal tissue of the genital ridge
the paramesonephric ducts give rise to the
Uterine tube
blood supply to the uterus and vagina come from branches off the
internal iliac artery
ovaries get their blood supply from
ovarian arteries
the internal pudendal artery originates in the
pelvis
the internal pudendal artery travels with the
pudendal nerve out of the pelvis
the internal pudendal artery supplies blood to the
erectile tissues and perineum
Density of connect tissue around uterine arteries called
Cardinal ligament
dilate the blood vessels of the erectile tissue so that they can
receive more blood during sexual arousal
parasympathetics
the parasympathetics to the erectile tissues come from the
S2-4 levels of the spinal cord
sensation from the external genitalia is carried by the
pudendal nerve
somatic nerve from S2-4 levels of the spinal cord
pudendal nerve
the pudendal nerve also has a
motor component to the external urethral sphincter and external anal sphincter
Not needed for erection but maintains arousal
pudendal nerve
the pudendal nerve leaves the pelvis
posteriorly
