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DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II > Exam 5 Mycology > Flashcards

Exam 5 Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi cell wall contains:

A

Chitin, mannoproteins, glucans

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2
Q

Fungi cell membrane contains ____

A

Ergosterol

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3
Q

Which 5 major classes of fungi cause human disease?

A
  • Mucormycetes
  • Basidiomycetes
  • Pneumocystidiomycetes
  • Saccharomycetes
  • Euascomycetes
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4
Q

Fungi can have what kinds of morphology?

A
  • Yeasts
  • Hyphae
  • Dimorphic
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5
Q

____ are unicellular and reproduce by budding

A

Yeasts

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6
Q

What is the structure of hyphae?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Septate or non-septate
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7
Q

____ are masses of hyphae (____)

A

Mycelia; molds

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8
Q

What does dimorphic mean?

A

Different forms at different temperatures (yeast at 37C, mycelia at 25C)

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9
Q

Most species of fungi form ____

A

Spores

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10
Q

Fungi can undergo asexual reproduction to form what kinds of asexual spores?

A
  • Sporangiospores
  • Conidia
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11
Q

Sporangiospores are formed within ____

A

Sporangia (sac)

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12
Q

Conidia are formed at ____ or by ____

A

Tips of hyphae; hyphal fragmentation

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13
Q

Arthrospores form via ____ and are a type of ____

A

Hyphal fragmentation; conidia

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction in fungi is by means of ____

A

Sexual spores (zygospores)

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15
Q

Zygospores are formed by:

A

Nuclear fusion of 2 haploid cells

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16
Q

Fungal nutrition: yeasts use ____ and molds use ____

A

Facultative anaerobes; mainly aerobes

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17
Q

Fungal colonies can be cultured on what mediums?

A
  • Sabouraud agar
  • Pagano-Levin agar
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18
Q

Sabouraud agar usually contains ____ and incubate aerobically in ____

A

Antibacterial agents; high humidity

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19
Q

What is Pagano-Levin agar used for?

A

To distinguish different Candida species

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20
Q

Microscopic examination of fungi can be done through what techniques?

A
  • Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
  • India Ink
  • Gomori methamine silver (GMS) stain
  • Immunofluorescence of chitin
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21
Q

____ preparation is cheap and fast, and can be used for oral, vaginal, skin scrapings or squamous epithelial cells scrapings

A

KOH preparation

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22
Q

True or false: antigen or antibody detection is another fungal identification method

A

True

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23
Q

What do polyenes do?

A

Anti-fungal therapy that binds to ergosterol and disrupts cell membrane

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24
Q

What do azoles inhibit?

A

Ergosterol synthesis

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25
Q

____ inhibit cell wall (glucan) synthesis

A

Echinocandins (Micafungin)

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26
Q

Naftifine inhibits:

A

Ergosterol synthesis

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27
Q

Griseofulvin inhibits:

A

Mitosis

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28
Q

Malassezia infects what layer?

A
  • Superficial (epidermis)
  • outermost layers of skin
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29
Q

Describe Malassezia classification

A
  • Lipophilic
  • Budding yeast-like cells
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30
Q

What disease does Malassezia cause?

A

Tinea versicolor

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31
Q

What are some very common diseases caused by Malassezia?

A
  • Folliculitis
  • Venous catheter infection
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32
Q

Malassezia Tinea versicolor lesions can appear ____ or ____

A

Hypo or hyperpigmented

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33
Q

Dermatophytes infect what part of the skin?

A

Dermis (cutaneous)

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34
Q

List the names of the 3 dermatophytes

A
  • Trichophyton
  • Microsporum
  • Epidermophyton
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35
Q

____ cause Tinea

A

Dermatophytes

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36
Q

What is Tinea?

A

Ringworm-shaped mycoses

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37
Q

Tinea caused by dermatophytes are classified by what?

A

Structure affected

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38
Q

Trichophyton commonly affects what parts of the body?

A

Skin, hair, nails

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39
Q

Trichophyton rubrum is the most common cause of ____

A

Athlete’s foot

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40
Q

Trichophyton tonsurans is the most common cause of ____

A

Tinea capitis (scalp)

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41
Q

Microsporum affects what parts of the body?

A

Skin and hair

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42
Q

Epidermophyton affects what parts of the body?

A

Skin, nails

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43
Q

Another name for tinea pedis

A

Athlete’s foot

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44
Q

Tinea unguium (onychomycosis) is common in people with ____

A

Weakened immune system

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45
Q

Which fungi infect subcutaneous tissue (fat)?

A
  • Pseudallescheria boydii
  • Fonsecaea pedrosi
46
Q

What does Pseudallescheria boydii cause?

A
  • Mycetoma
  • Disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients
47
Q

____ causes chromoblastomycosis

A

Fonsecaea pedrosi

48
Q

True or false: Candida albicans and Candida auris are multi-drug resistant and cause opportunistic infections

A

True

49
Q

What is an important and most common predisposing factor for infection with opportunistic fungi?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

50
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics have a dose-dependent exposure, meaning that ____ people may become infected by ____

A

Healthy/immunocompetent; Large doses

51
Q

True or false: Candida species are common flora of the oral cavity, skin, genital tract, and gut

A

True

52
Q

Candida are ____ (shape)

A

Polymorphic (dimorphic)

53
Q

____ form chlamydospores

A

Candida species

54
Q

What are chlamydospores?

A
  • Spores formed on pseudohyphae in starvation conditions
  • Globular structures on hyphal tips (bulb like structures)
55
Q

True or false: only some morphological forms of Candida spp. are important in virulence

A

False - all forms (polymorphic and dimorphic)

56
Q

____ describes a transition between yeast cells, pseudohyphae, hyphae, and chlamydospores in Candida spp.

A

Polymorphic

57
Q

____ describes a transition between yeast cells and filamentous mold forms in Candida spp.

A

Dimorphic

58
Q

Oral candidiasis can take on many forms/severity, such as: (5)

A
  • Pseudomembranous
  • Erythematous
  • Chronic hyperplastic
  • Chronic atrophic
  • Angular stomatitis
59
Q

Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis causes:

A

“Thrush”, white lesions easily wiped off

60
Q

Erythematous oral candidiasis is:

A

Painful, deep red, depapillated

61
Q

Chronic hyperplastic oral candidiasis causes:

A

Confluent white plaques which cannot be removed

62
Q

____ is seen in 60% of denture stomatitis and causes inflammation of the mouth and lips in elderly

A

Chronic atrophic

63
Q

Angular stomatitis is also known as:

A

Cheilitis or perleche

64
Q

____ causes redness after scraping off pseudomembrane

A

Erythematous candidiasis

65
Q

What can cause denture stomatitis?

A

Dentures worn day and night and not cleaned or insufficient oral hygiene

66
Q

____ causes inflammation, cracks, and red patches at the corners of the mouth

A

Angular stomatitis

67
Q

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis causes:

A

Recurrent superficial Candida infections

68
Q

On Sabouraud agar, Candida colonies appear:

A

Creamy

69
Q

Some strains of ____ are resistant to all available antifungals

A

Candida auris

70
Q

Candida auris has persistent transmissions in ____

A

Health care settings

71
Q

____ causes high mortality

A

Candida auris

72
Q

Name 5 opportunistic fungi pathogens

A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus
  • Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp.
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii
  • Fusarium sp.
73
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans has a _____ which makes it anti-phagocytic

A

Gelatinous alginate capsule

74
Q

Where is Cryptococcus neoformans found as a spore?

A

Pigeon and chicken feces

75
Q

What infections does Cryptococcus neoformans cause?

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Meningitis (especially in AIDS patients)
76
Q

True or false: Cryptococcus neoformans infections in AIDS patients is moderately fatal

A

False - high fatality

77
Q

What is the most common clinical manifestation of Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Pulmonary

78
Q

Where is Cryptococcus gattii endemic?

A

US Pacific NW

79
Q

The DOC for Cryptococcus gattii is amphotericin B. Does it have a good or poor prognosis?

A

Poor prognosis

80
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus has what type of hyphae?

A

Septate hyphae

81
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus conidia (spores) can be inhaled into ____

A

Alveolar spaces

82
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus antigens can cause ____

A

Hypersensitivity (induce respiratory disorders like allergies and asthma)

83
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus infection in immunodeficient patients can cause ____

A

Pulmonary aspergillosis

84
Q

What toxin does Aspergillus flavus produce?

A

Aflatoxin (mycotoxin)

85
Q

What does aflatoxin cause?

A
  • Acute hepatic necrosis
  • Cirrhosis
  • Hepatoma
86
Q

Aflatoxin is usually found on ____

A

Peanuts

87
Q

A multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections occurred in 2012. Which fungi were responsible?

A
  • Aspergillus tubingensis
  • Aspergillus fumigatus
88
Q

Which fungi are the most common causes of mucormycosis?

A
  • Rhizopus arrhizus
  • Mucor indicus
89
Q

____ are rapid growers (lid pushers)

A
  • Rhizopus arrhizus
  • Mucor indicus
90
Q

Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor indicus can reproduce via:

A

Sexual (zygospores) or asexual (sporangiospores)

91
Q

____ is a risk factor for mucormycosis

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

92
Q

Why is diabetic ketoacidosis a risk factor for mucormycosis?

A
  • Low insulin moves less glucose into cells
  • Body burns fat for fuel and makes ketone byproducts
  • Ketones make blood more acidic
  • Acidosis reduces host defense and allows fungal growth
93
Q

Where does mucormycosis cause disease?

A
  • Rhinocerebral/rhinofacial
  • lung
  • skin
94
Q

True or false: Mucormycosis is aggressive and mortality is up to 95%

A

True

95
Q

Rhinocerebral/rhinofacial mucormycosis typically occurs in:

A
  • Diabetics in ketoacidosis
  • Patients on steroids or cytotoxic therapy
96
Q

After eating contaminated food, Mucormysosis spores invade:

A
  • Soft palate
  • Sinuses
  • Cribriform plate
  • Brain and behind eyes
97
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an unusual fungus because:

A

It lacks ergosterol

98
Q

____ has trophozoite and cyst forms

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

99
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii is a major opportunistic pathogen in ____ and presents as ____

A

AIDS; pneumonia

100
Q

DOC for Pneumocystis jirovecii

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

101
Q

Fusarium sp. cause infections where?

A

Ocular (contact lenses)

102
Q

Fusarium sp. infection can become ____ in immunocompromised patients

A

Systemic

103
Q

Dimorphic fungi grow as ___ at 37 degrees C (body temp)

A

Parasitic yeast (tissue form)

104
Q

Dimorphic fungi are ____ at 25 degrees C

A

Mold/hyphal/filamentous

105
Q

Dimorphic fungi cause ____ involving any organ or skin and occur within ____ areas where >80% of population has immunity

A

Systemic mycoses; endemic areas

106
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum causes ____ infection resembling TB

A

pulmonary

107
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is endemic where?

A

East/midwest

108
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis causes what disease?

A

Pulmonary, disseminates to skin and bone

109
Q

Coccidioides immitis is endemic where?

A

Southwestern US

110
Q

Coccidioides immitis parasitic form

A

Spherules (thick walled spheres containing endospores); NOT yeast form

111
Q

Sporothrix schenkii causes spores on ____

A

Rose thorns (Gardeners, rose gardener’s disease)

112
Q

After traumatic implantation, Sporothrix schenkii spreads where?

A

Up arm causing string of abscesses (regional lymphadenopathy, can disseminate)

DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II (27 decks)

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