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DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II > Exam 4 Influenza A, B, C > Flashcards

Exam 4 Influenza A, B, C Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the influenza virus A?

A
  • Highly infectious
  • Several serotypes
  • 144 subtypes
  • Associated with pandemic flu
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the influenza virus B?

A

One serotype classified into 2 lineages

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of influenza virus C?

A

Mostly mild

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4
Q

____ maybe infects humans

A

Influenza virus D

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5
Q

Influenza A has a ____ range of hosts

A

Wide

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6
Q

Influenza B has a ____ range of hosts

A

Small

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7
Q

What do all of the influenza A viruses have in common?

A

H and N

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8
Q

What are the subtypes of influenza A based on?

A

Based on H and N proteins

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9
Q

How many subtypes of influenza A are there?

A

144

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10
Q

Which two influenza A subtypes included in the yearly vaccine?

A

A(H1N1) and A(H3N2)

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11
Q

The influenza A subtypes are a combination of:

A

H and N numbers

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12
Q

There are ____ different hemagglutinins and ____ different neuraminidases in various Influenza A subtypes

A

18; 11

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13
Q

What are the five components to the name of the virus strain?

A
  • Virus type
  • Geographic origin
  • Strain number
  • Year of isolation
  • Virus subtype
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14
Q

What are the two lineages of Influenza B?

A

Victoria and Yamagata

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15
Q

How many hemagglutinins are there?

A

18

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16
Q

How many neuraminidases are there?

A

11

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17
Q

What does hemagglutinin do?

A

Forms attachments to sialic acid on host cell membrane

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18
Q

What does neuraminidase do?

A

Cleaves neuraminic/sialic acid, releases virion by budding

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19
Q

What can happen with Influenza segmented RNA genome segments?

A

Reassortment

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20
Q

Influenza contains a single RNA gene wrapped around _____

A

Nuclear protein

21
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Small genetic point mutations in H and N

22
Q

Why do we need a new flu vaccine each season?

A

Due to antigenic drift

23
Q

What does reassortment with RNA segments potentially lead to?

A
  • Pandemic
  • Reassortment can involve new combinations of RNA segments from dif viral strains
24
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Abrupt, major change in influenza A

25
Q

Antigenic shift can lead to a pandemic due to:

A

Little/no immunity to new virus

26
Q

____ can undergo antigenic drift and shift to cause pandemics

A

Influenza A

27
Q

____ can only undergo antigenic drift

A

Influenza B

28
Q

Are there more influenza or COVID-19 deaths?

A

COVID-19

29
Q

How long does it take influenza antibodies to develop after vaccination?

A

2 weeks

30
Q

What are the 3 types of ways that influenza vaccines can be developed?

A
  • Egg-based: need large numbers of eggs
  • Cell-culture: grow human cells infected with whole virus in tanks
  • Recombinant DNA: deliver hemagglutinin genes in adenovirus vector
31
Q

What are the 4 strains in a quadrivalent flu vaccine?

A
  • H1N1
  • H3N2
  • B/Victoria lineage
  • B/Yamagata lineage
32
Q

The quadrivalent flue vaccine has ____ components comprised of __ + ___ strains

A

4; 2A + 2B

33
Q

What types of flu vaccines are available?

A
  • Intramuscular injection (subunit, killed virus)
  • Intranasal (live attenuated)
34
Q

The intramuscular flu vaccine is a ___ dose for age > 65 years

A

High

35
Q

Who is the flu vaccine recommended for?

A

Health care providers (HCP) & health care workers (HCW)
Young children 6-59 months
Women who will be pregnant during flu season
Persons age >50 years

36
Q

Influenza causes severe disease for high risk populations, such as:

A

Croup (swelling of windpipe)

37
Q

Influenza can cause secondary complications such as ____ infections. Patients become more susceptible to _____

A

Bacterial; Pneumonia-causing bacteria (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae)

38
Q

____ often follows the flu

A

Bacterial pneumonia

39
Q

90% annual influenza death occurs in:

A

Elderly age > 65 years

40
Q

What medications can be used for treatment of flu? What do they inhibit?

A
  • Zanamivir (Relenza), Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Peramivir (Rapivab)
  • Inhibit neuraminidase to prevent virion release
41
Q

Which medication is used for treatment of flu and is administered via an IV?

A

Peramivir (Rapivab) – single IV dose

42
Q

When is Peramivir (Rapivab) used?

A

If non-compliant for oral medication or requiring IV administration

43
Q

How are zanamivir and oseltamivir administered?

A

Orally

44
Q

Why were there more influenza deaths in 1918 than in 1957?

A

Penicillin was not invented until the 1940s

45
Q

What virus caused a pandemic in 1968?

A

H3N2

46
Q

What virus caused a pandemic in 2009?

A

H1N1pdm09

47
Q

____ and ____ viruses undergo regular antigenic drift and are therefore currently in the seasonal flu vaccine

A

H3N2; H1N1pdm09

48
Q

What strains are predicted to cause the next flu pandemic?

A
  • H5N1
  • H7N7
  • H9N2
    (so far they inefficiently transmit human to human)
49
Q

Human H5N1 cases are mostly found in what areas of the world?

A

Asia, some parts of Europe and Africa

DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II (27 decks)

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