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DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II > Exam 4 Measles, Mumps, Rubella > Flashcards

Exam 4 Measles, Mumps, Rubella Flashcards

1
Q

What does myxo mean?

A

Mucus

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2
Q

Measles is also known as:

A

Rubeola

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3
Q

Name the 4 paramyxoviruses

A
  • Rubeola (measles)
  • Mumps
  • Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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4
Q

What is Rubella?

A
  • German measles
  • Part of Togaviruses
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5
Q

What shape are paramyxoviruses?

A

Pleiomorphic (helical or icosahedral)

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6
Q

Paramyxoviruses are transmitted via:

A

Aerosol transmission, respiratory

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7
Q

Paramyxoviruses are highly ____

A

Contagious

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8
Q

When was the measles vaccine introduced?

A

1963

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9
Q

The introduction of the measles vaccine led to ____ in the US in 2000

A

Elimination

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10
Q

After the 1st measles vaccine was improved in the US, the CDC recommended _____. Then, _____ was started and measles cases ____ as of 2019

A

2nd MMR dose; MMR autism myth; increased

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11
Q

What is the infection rate of measles after close contact?

A

90% infection rate

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12
Q

When is rubeola infectious?

A

4 days before through 4 days after rash appears

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13
Q

How is rubeola spread?

A

Direct contact with infectious droplets

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14
Q

How long does rubeola remain infectious in the air?

A

Up to 2 hours

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15
Q

Describe the course of the measles infection cycle

A

Measles virus invades alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in the lungs; local lymph node; Dissemination to B and T cells; blood; other organs

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16
Q

Measles causes immune ____, which depletes ____. Therefore it has the ability to _____ patient’s immune systems

A

Amnesia; memory cells; reset

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17
Q

Immune amnesia caused by measles can lead to a patient being vulnerable to ____

A

All other infections

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18
Q

What is the most contagious stage of measles?

A

Initial symptoms (high fever, cough, runny nose, etc)

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19
Q

After 2-3 days after the initial symptoms of measles begins, ____ forms in the mouth

A

Koplik spots

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20
Q

_____ is an early sign of measles infection

A

Koplik spots

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21
Q

After 3-5 days after the initial symptoms of measles begins, what happens?

A

Flat red spots at hairline and spread downward (maculopapular rash)

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22
Q

What is a symptom that a child in the most contagious period of measles may have?

A

High fever

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23
Q

The eyes of a child with measles may appear:

A

Red and watery (conjunctivitis)

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24
Q

The measles maculopapular rash will have ____ that may appear on top of flat red spots

A

Small raised bumps

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25
Q

Who is at higher risk of measles complications?

A
  • Children < 5 years
  • Adults > 20 years of age
  • Pregnant women
  • Immunocompromised people
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26
Q

What is a common complication of measles?

A

Ear infections that can result in permanent hearing loss

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27
Q

What are some severe complications of measles?

A
  • pneumonia
  • encephalitis
  • death
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28
Q

____ is the most common cause of death from measles in young children. Death can also occur from ____ and ____ complications

A

Pneumonia; respiratory and neurologic

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29
Q

Measles-induced encephalitis can cause:

A

Convulsions, deafness, intellectual disability

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30
Q

Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) can be caused by ____ infection

A

Measles

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31
Q

What is sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?

A
  • Brain inflammation that can occur years after original measles infection even if full recovery
  • Dormant measles virus reactivation or inappropriate immune response?
32
Q

_____ is the major reason for the development of the MMR vaccine

A

Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

33
Q

Clinical diagnosis of measles involves ____ (clinically compatible)

A

Febrile rash illness

34
Q

Lab diagnosis of measles involves:

A

Genotyping for epidemiology

35
Q

What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?

A

Live, attenuated (2 doses)

36
Q

The MMR vaccine can also include ____ (MMRV) for those 12 months to 12 years of age

A

Varicella (chicken pox)

37
Q

The measles disease is a ____ disease

A

Reportable (suspected measles cases should be reported to local health department within 24 hours)

38
Q

What is the treatment for post-exposure prophylaxis for measles?

A

MMR vaccine within 72 hours, OR immune globulin within 6 days
(not administered simultaneously)

39
Q

How can healthcare providers protect themselves from measles?

A

Airborne infection control precautions (ex: N95 respirator)

40
Q

What is the myth regarding MMR vaccine and autism?

A

Multiple vaccinations for different diseases at the same time can cause an overload of the immune system leading to autism

41
Q

____ kids were in Dr. Andrew Wakefield’s vaccination and autism study. The study was eventually ____

A

12 kids; Retracted (CDC, WHO, NIH, IOM proved this study to be false)

42
Q

The majority of those who get measles in the US are ____

A

Unvaccinated

43
Q

___ have led to a drop in immunizations for measles

A

Anti-vaccination groups

44
Q

Mumps is also known as:

A

Epidemic parotitis

45
Q

Mumps (MuV) is spread by:

A

Respiratory droplets

46
Q

When do symptoms of mumps begin?

A

A few days before parotitis

47
Q

What happens after mumps symptoms appear?

A

Painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands

48
Q

When are people infected with mumps infectious?

A

Before and after symptoms develop

49
Q

What is an example of a severe complication of mumps?

A

Permanent deafness (profound hearing loss)

50
Q

Mumps can be prevented via ____

A

MMR vaccine

51
Q

HPIV stands for:

A

Human parainfluenza virus

52
Q

What does HPIV have on its envelope?

A

Hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

53
Q

What are parainfluenza viruses most often associated with?

A

Upper respiratory infections

54
Q

Do patients usually recover on their own with parainfluenza viruses?

55
Q

What is the HPIV-1,-2 strain?

56
Q

What is the second most common cause of hospitalization for respiratory illness in children under 5?

57
Q

____ are susceptible to pneumonia meningitis if infected with HPIV

A

Immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS) adults

58
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus is most often associated with what kinds of infections?

A

Lower respiratory tract infection

59
Q

RSV causes what kind of symptoms?

A

Mild, cold-like

60
Q

____ is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and hospitalization in infants under the age of 1

A

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

61
Q

HRSV is a significant cause of ____ in older people

A

Respiratory illness

62
Q

Is there a vaccine for HRSV?

A

Yes - vaccinate babies, pregnant women, older adults

63
Q

How is togavirus spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

64
Q

Rubella causes ____ symptoms first. Then, ____ forms

A

Flu-like (sore throat, fever, runny nose, cough); Morbiliform rash

65
Q

What are some typical symptoms of Rubella?

A
  • Morbiliform rash
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Forchheimer’s spots
66
Q

Morbiliform rash begins with the ____ and then spreads to ____

A

Face; trunk and limbs

67
Q

The morbiliform rash caused by Rubella looks similar to ____

68
Q

What are Forchheimer’s spots?

A

Red papules/petechiae on soft palate that forms in 20% of Rubella patients

69
Q

Rubella typically lasts ___ and causes ____ in children and adults

A

3 days; Mild

70
Q

____ is also known as “3 day measles”

71
Q

What happens in Congenital Rubella Syndrome?

A

Rubella viruses crosses placenta and infects neonate

72
Q

Congenital Rubella Syndrome affects 65-85% of neonates int he ____

A

1st trimester

73
Q

A fetus born with congenital rubella syndrome can have 1 or more of what complications?

A
  • Severe heart disorders (patent ductus arteriosus)
  • Deafness (full or partial)
  • Cataracts (full or partial blindness)
  • Intellectual disability (microencephaly)
74
Q

Diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome involved presence of____

A

Rubella-specific IgM

75
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome is a major reason for the development of ____

A

MMR vaccine

76
Q

What is the difference between Rubeola and Rubella?

A
  • Rubeola: Paramyxovirus, causes Koplik’s spots, is a serious disease in kids and adults
  • Rubella: Togavirus, causes severe congenital defects

DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II (27 decks)

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