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DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II > Exam 4 Measles, Mumps, Rubella > Flashcards

Exam 4 Measles, Mumps, Rubella Flashcards

1
Q

What does myxo mean?

A

Mucus

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2
Q

Measles is also known as:

A

Rubeola

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3
Q

Name the 4 paramyxoviruses

A
  • Rubeola (measles)
  • Mumps
  • Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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4
Q

What is Rubella?

A
  • German measles
  • Part of Togaviruses
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5
Q

What shape are paramyxoviruses?

A

Pleiomorphic (helical or icosahedral)

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6
Q

Paramyxoviruses are transmitted via:

A

Aerosol transmission, respiratory

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7
Q

Paramyxoviruses are highly ____

A

Contagious

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8
Q

When was the measles vaccine introduced?

A

1963

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9
Q

The introduction of the measles vaccine led to ____ in the US in 2000

A

Elimination

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10
Q

After the 1st measles vaccine was improved in the US, the CDC recommended _____. Then, _____ was started and measles cases ____ as of 2019

A

2nd MMR dose; MMR autism myth; increased

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11
Q

What is the infection rate of measles after close contact?

A

90% infection rate

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12
Q

When is rubeola infectious?

A

4 days before through 4 days after rash appears

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13
Q

How is rubeola spread?

A

Direct contact with infectious droplets

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14
Q

How long does rubeola remain infectious in the air?

A

Up to 2 hours

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15
Q

Describe the course of the measles infection cycle

A

Measles virus invades alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in the lungs; local lymph node; Dissemination to B and T cells; blood; other organs

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16
Q

Measles causes immune ____, which depletes ____. Therefore it has the ability to _____ patient’s immune systems

A

Amnesia; memory cells; reset

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17
Q

Immune amnesia caused by measles can lead to a patient being vulnerable to ____

A

All other infections

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18
Q

What is the most contagious stage of measles?

A

Initial symptoms (high fever, cough, runny nose, etc)

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19
Q

After 2-3 days after the initial symptoms of measles begins, ____ forms in the mouth

A

Koplik spots

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20
Q

_____ is an early sign of measles infection

A

Koplik spots

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21
Q

After 3-5 days after the initial symptoms of measles begins, what happens?

A

Flat red spots at hairline and spread downward (maculopapular rash)

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22
Q

What is a symptom that a child in the most contagious period of measles may have?

A

High fever

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23
Q

The eyes of a child with measles may appear:

A

Red and watery (conjunctivitis)

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24
Q

The measles maculopapular rash will have ____ that may appear on top of flat red spots

A

Small raised bumps

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25
Who is at higher risk of measles complications?
- Children < 5 years - Adults > 20 years of age - Pregnant women - Immunocompromised people
26
What is a common complication of measles?
Ear infections that can result in permanent hearing loss
27
What are some severe complications of measles?
- pneumonia - encephalitis - death
28
____ is the most common cause of death from measles in young children. Death can also occur from ____ and ____ complications
Pneumonia; respiratory and neurologic
29
Measles-induced encephalitis can cause:
Convulsions, deafness, intellectual disability
30
Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) can be caused by ____ infection
Measles
31
What is sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
- Brain inflammation that can occur years after original measles infection even if full recovery - **Dormant measles virus reactivation or inappropriate immune response?**
32
_____ is the major reason for the development of the MMR vaccine
Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
33
Clinical diagnosis of measles involves ____ (clinically compatible)
Febrile rash illness
34
Lab diagnosis of measles involves:
Genotyping for epidemiology
35
What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?
Live, attenuated (2 doses)
36
The MMR vaccine can also include ____ (MMRV) for those 12 months to 12 years of age
Varicella (chicken pox)
37
The measles disease is a ____ disease
Reportable (suspected measles cases should be reported to local health department within **24 hours**)
38
What is the treatment for post-exposure prophylaxis for measles?
**MMR vaccine** within 72 hours, OR **immune globulin** within 6 days (not administered simultaneously)
39
How can healthcare providers protect themselves from measles?
Airborne infection control precautions (ex: N95 respirator)
40
What is the myth regarding MMR vaccine and autism?
Multiple vaccinations for different diseases at the same time can cause an overload of the immune system leading to autism
41
____ kids were in Dr. Andrew Wakefield's vaccination and autism study. The study was eventually ____
12 kids; Retracted (CDC, WHO, NIH, IOM proved this study to be false)
42
The majority of those who get measles in the US are ____
Unvaccinated
43
___ have led to a drop in immunizations for measles
Anti-vaccination groups
44
Mumps is also known as:
Epidemic parotitis
45
Mumps (MuV) is spread by:
Respiratory droplets
46
When do symptoms of mumps begin?
A few days before parotitis
47
What happens after mumps symptoms appear?
Painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands
48
When are people infected with mumps infectious?
Before and after symptoms develop
49
What is an example of a severe complication of mumps?
Permanent deafness (profound hearing loss)
50
Mumps can be prevented via ____
MMR vaccine
51
HPIV stands for:
Human parainfluenza virus
52
What does HPIV have on its envelope?
Hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)
53
What are parainfluenza viruses most often associated with?
Upper respiratory infections
54
Do patients usually recover on their own with parainfluenza viruses?
Yes
55
What is the HPIV-1,-2 strain?
Croup
56
What is the second most common cause of hospitalization for respiratory illness in children under 5?
HPIV
57
____ are susceptible to pneumonia meningitis if infected with HPIV
Immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS) adults
58
Respiratory syncytial virus is most often associated with what kinds of infections?
Lower respiratory tract infection
59
RSV causes what kind of symptoms?
Mild, cold-like
60
____ is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and hospitalization in infants under the age of 1
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
61
HRSV is a significant cause of ____ in older people
Respiratory illness
62
Is there a vaccine for HRSV?
Yes - vaccinate babies, pregnant women, older adults
63
How is togavirus spread?
Respiratory droplets
64
Rubella causes ____ symptoms first. Then, ____ forms
Flu-like (sore throat, fever, runny nose, cough); Morbiliform rash
65
What are some typical symptoms of Rubella?
- Morbiliform rash - Lymphadenopathy - Forchheimer's spots
66
Morbiliform rash begins with the ____ and then spreads to ____
Face; trunk and limbs
67
The morbiliform rash caused by Rubella looks similar to ____
Measles
68
What are Forchheimer's spots?
Red papules/petechiae on soft palate that forms in 20% of Rubella patients
69
Rubella typically lasts ___ and causes ____ in children and adults
3 days; Mild
70
____ is also known as "3 day measles"
Rubella
71
What happens in Congenital Rubella Syndrome?
Rubella viruses crosses placenta and infects neonate
72
Congenital Rubella Syndrome affects 65-85% of neonates int he ____
1st trimester
73
A fetus born with congenital rubella syndrome can have 1 or more of what complications?
- **Severe heart disorders** (patent ductus arteriosus) - **Deafness** (full or partial) - **Cataracts** (full or partial blindness) - **Intellectual disability** (microencephaly)
74
Diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome involved presence of____
Rubella-specific IgM
75
Congenital rubella syndrome is a major reason for the development of ____
MMR vaccine
76
What is the difference between Rubeola and Rubella?
- Rubeola: Paramyxovirus, causes Koplik's spots, is a serious disease in kids and adults - Rubella: Togavirus, causes severe congenital defects

DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II (27 decks)

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