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DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II > Exam 3 Hepatitis B, D > Flashcards

Exam 3 Hepatitis B, D Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis B virus is part of what family _____

A

Hepadnaviridae

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2
Q

Hepatitis B is a ____ virus

A

HepaDNAvirus

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3
Q

Hepatitis B targets what organ?

A

Liver

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4
Q

Hepatitis B causes _____ due to increase of liver enzymes

A

Icteric (jaundice)

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5
Q

350 million are chronically infected by HBV worldwide in what countries?

A

Africa and Southeast Asia

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6
Q

HBV incidence is declining due to:

A

Routine HBV immunization

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7
Q

What are the four HBV infection routes?

A
  • Major source is blood
  • Birth (prenatal)
  • Sexual contact
  • Environmental survival
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8
Q

What are the clinical outcomes of HBV?

A
  • Acute infection
  • Chronic infection
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9
Q

____ of HBV infections are resolved

A

90%

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10
Q

HBV carrier state is signified as:

A

HBsAg+ > 6 months

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11
Q

HBV structure

A

Enveloped and icosahedral

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12
Q

What is the genomic material found in HBV?

A
  • Partial dsDNA
  • covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA)
  • part of one strand missing
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13
Q

What enzyme does HBV use to replicate?

A

Reverse transcriptase (RT)

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14
Q

HBV replicates via ____ intermediate

A

RNA

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15
Q

HBV virion is termed _____

A

Dane particle

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16
Q

HBV Dane particle contains:

A
  • Protein kinase
  • Polymerase (RTase)
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17
Q

HBV contains what three antigens?

A
  • HBcAg
  • HBeAg
  • HBsAg
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18
Q

What is HBsAg?

A

Surface antigen

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19
Q

HBsAg is a marker of ____

A

Infection

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20
Q

What is HBcAg?

A

Core antigen (not found in serum)

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21
Q

What is HBeAg?

A
  • Extracted antigen
  • Soluble and “extractable” part of HBcAg
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22
Q

HBeAg is secreted into serum and is a marker of:

A

Active HBV replication AND high infectivity

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23
Q

HBV presence in serum: “S” means _____

A

Infectious

24
Q

HBV presence in serum: “S + E” means _____

A

Highly infectious

25
Q

What are the steps of HBV replication?

A
  • Completion of dsDNA
  • Viral replication via RNA intermediate using RTase
  • RTase makes second partial DNA strand to be dsDNA
26
Q

Risk factors associated with HBV

A
  • Medical employee (1%)
  • Other/unknown is 47%
27
Q

HBV in ____ is a moderate risk

28
Q

HBV is an occupational hazard in ____

29
Q

Concentration of HBV in blood is ___

30
Q

____ immunity is required to resolve acute HBV infection

A

Cell-mediated

31
Q

Chronic HBV infection involves _____ response to ____ antigen

A

T cell; HbcAg

32
Q

Chronic HBV infection is more likely in patients with _____

A

Weak immune response

33
Q

HBV acute infection - incubation period

A

2-6 months

34
Q

What are the four clinical periods of HBV acute disease?

A
  • Incubation
  • Pre-icteric
  • Icteric
  • Convalescence
35
Q

Symptoms of acute viral hepatitis

A
  • Dark urine
  • Jaundice (skin, sclera)
36
Q

In someone with acute viral hepatitis, liver functions tests will be ____

37
Q

Elevated ____ leads to jaundice

38
Q

Symptoms of chronic HBV

A
  • Cirrhosis of liver
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
39
Q

____ can build up inside the cell. What does that look like?

A

HBsAg; filamentous, “ground glass” hepatocytes

40
Q

Serology for acute HBV infection

A
  • illness typically resolves
  • most antibodies to HBV decrease eventually
41
Q

Serology for chronic HBV infection

A
  • HBsAg remains high (carrier state = more than 6 months)
  • continued presence of HBeAg
42
Q

HBV-DNA and HBeAg indicate:

A

Active viral replication

43
Q

Those immunized for HBV have:

A

Antibodies to HBsAg

44
Q

HBV chronic outcomes are related to:

45
Q

_____ infections have the highest risk of HBV infection becoming chronic

A

Neonatal/perinatal

46
Q

____% of neonatal infection may become chronic

47
Q

What is the most important cause of neonatal hepatitis?

A

HBV through infected birth canal

48
Q

What three interventions can be used to reduce transmission of HBV?

A
  • HBV vaccine
  • HBV immunoglobulin
  • Antiviral drugs
49
Q

Neonatal prevention of HBV involves:

A
  • Vaccine for all neonates
  • HBV immunoglobulin for HBV+ mothers
50
Q

HBV prevention for healthcare workers

A
  • Vaccination
  • HBV immunoglobulin if exposed
51
Q

Chronic HBV treatment methods

A
  • Interferons/PEG-Interferon
  • Antiretrovirals
52
Q

What antiretrovirals are used for chronic HBV treatment?

A
  • nucleoside analogues (NRTI’s)
  • nucleotide analogues
53
Q

Nucleoside analogues have ____ drug resistance, whereas nucleotide analogues have ____ rate of resistance

A

Rapid; low

54
Q

Hepatitis D infects people who are infected with:

A

Hepatitis B virus (cannot infect cells by itself, steals HBV envelop protein)

55
Q

What glycoproteins are needed by Hepatitis D?

A

M, S, L glycoproteins

56
Q

HDV is transmitted like _____ and worsens ____ infections

57
Q

HBV vaccine is protective against:

DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II (27 decks)

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