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DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II > 1/9 Kingsley Caries Microbiology and Immunology > Flashcards

1/9 Kingsley Caries Microbiology and Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Points of intervention for caries development

A
  • fermentable carbohydrates
  • biofilm formation
  • acid formation
  • demineralization (white spot lesions leading to caries)
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2
Q

Common sweeteners and preservatives

A
  • sucrose
  • fructose
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3
Q

Order of most cariogenic sweeteners to least

A

sucrose > fructose > other sweeteners

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4
Q

Bacterial enzymes convert carbohydrates using what enzymes?

A
  • glucosyltransferase (GTF)
  • fructosyltransferase (FTF)
  • virulence factors
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5
Q

Initial colonizers mediate:

A

adhesion to tooth

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6
Q

Initial colonizers of tooth include:

A

S. sanguis, S. mitis

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7
Q

Initial colonizers alter the salivary pellicle to allow ____ to attach

A

S. mutans

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8
Q

Production of glucans and fructans produces ____ which allows for ____ adhesion, through ____ and ____

A

biofilm; sucrose-dependent; glucans binding protein (GBP) and virulence factors

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9
Q

In the production of biofilm, there is a change in _____ which traps ____

A

Diffusion properties; lactic acid

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10
Q

Sucrose-dependent adhesion can modify the:

A

Salivary pellicle

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11
Q

Acid formation occurs through ____ reactions via _____

A

Anaerobic; fermentation pathways

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12
Q

Example of acid formation through anaerobic reaction

A

S. mutans creates glucans and lactic acid

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13
Q

3 components of caries model

A
  • diet (carbohydrates)
  • microbiology (bacteria)
  • biofilm (glucans, fermentation)
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14
Q

True or false: sugar substitutes have lower calories and cannot be fermented or metabolized

A

True

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15
Q

True or false: sugar substitutes do not affect cariogenic process

A

False: reduce it

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16
Q

Example of sugar substitute

A

Sugar alcohol - xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol

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17
Q

Sugar substitutes are considered ____

A

Anti-cariogenic

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18
Q

Sugars are modified via the addition of _____ to be converted into a sugar alcohol

A

OH group

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19
Q

Initial salivary pellicle binding includes ____ organisms such as:

A

gram positive (cocci, bacillus); S. sanguis, S. mitis, Actinomyces naelundii (viscosus)

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20
Q

Modified salivary proteins improve ____ for other microbes such as:

A

Adhesion; S. mutans, Lactobacillus

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21
Q

GBP binds:

A

glucans and fructans

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22
Q

Which bacteria use sucrose-dependent adhesion to adhere to biofilm?

A
  • S. mutans
  • Lactobacillus sp.
  • S. sobrinus
  • S. wiggsiae

All use GBP to bind

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23
Q

S. mutans classification (2)

A
  • Gram positive cocci
  • viridans strep group (alpha hemolytic)
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24
Q

S. mutans serotypes - Human pathogens

A

C, E, F

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25
Percentage of S. mutans correlates with:
Sucrose intake
26
S. mutans virulence factors
- GTF enzyme - GBP (adhesion) - homolactic fermentation (acidogenic) - acid tolerance (aciduric)
27
Examples of Lactobacillus sp.
- Lactobacillus fermentum - Lactobacillus rhamnosus - Lactobacillus gasseri - Lactobacillus casei/paracasei - Lactobacillus salivarius - Lactobacillus plantarum
28
Streptococcus sobrinus is found in:
Severe, advanced caries lesions
29
Early caries is associated with what bacteria?
- S. mutans - Lactobacillus
30
Advanced caries associated with what bacteria?
- S. mutans - S. sobrinus - S. wiggsiae
31
Scardovia wiggsiae has higher ____ and lower ____
Fluoride tolerance; enolase sensitivity
32
Fluoride inhibits _____ which prevents entry into ____
Enolase; glycolytic pathway
33
Fluoride forms ____ which makes enamel more resistant to acid
Fluorapatite
34
Fluorosis
Discoloration in surface pits and irregularities
35
Fluoride over exposure during tooth development can lead to:
Fluorosis
36
Topical medication used to treat and prevent dental caries
Silver diamine fluoride
37
Silver diammine fluoride is used for children with ____ and only on _____
SECC (severe early childhood caries); deciduous teeth
38
Silver diamine fluoride may not work on:
Scardovia wiggsiae
39
Lysozyme is produced by:
Both major and minor salivary glands
40
Lysozyme is known to function as:
Potent anti-bacterial agent in most mucus secretions
41
Lysozyme hydrolyzes:
beta 1,4 bond between NAG and NAM (peptidoglycan)
42
Hereditary disorder associated with gene for lysozyme
Hereditary non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis
43
True or false: disorders associated with a lack of lysozyme are common
False - very rare Lysozyme is so basic and fundamental to innate immunity
44
True or false: no relationship to oral health risk with hereditary non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis
True - only two known familial cases in recorded medical history
45
Lactoferrin is produced and secreted in:
- saliva - tears - nasal secretions - breast milk
46
Lactoferrin is known to function as a ____ in most mucus secretions that restricts the availability of _____ which are needed for bacterial growth
potent antibacterial agent; iron ions
47
Lactoferrin gene polymorphisms (SNPs) confers:
protective advantage against caries (against S. mitis, S. mutans) | confers differential oral risk
48
Proline-rich proteins are produced and secreted in _____ and comprise a significant portion of the _____
Saliva; salivary pellicle
49
Statherins help to maintain ____ and comprise a significant portion of the _____
enamel integrity; salivary pellicle
50
Statherin gene polymorphisms (SNPs) or variants may modulate:
Caries risk
51
Statherin SNP example
**truncated statherin** from a 24 bp deletion, missing first 8 N-terminal amino acids
52
Innate immunity and dental caries risk is associated with what proteins/components?
- lysozyme - lactoferrin - Proline-rich proteins - statherins - defensins - mucins
53
_____ form pores in microbial membranes and are part of the fluid phase of saliva
Defensins
54
Defensins SNPs: ______ associated with high DMFT scores
HBD1 or DEFB1 rs11362
55
_____ are the major class of non-immunoglobin agglutinins
Mucins
56
Function of non-immunogobin agglutinins
Agglutinate or aggregate oral bacteria and inhibit adhesion or colonization on mucosal or tooth surfaces
57
MG2 gene polymorphism (SNP) examples
- MUC7 gene *6/*6 had increased caries risk - MUC7 gene *5/*6 did not exhibit any increase in caries risk
58
Specific immunity and dental caries risk involves:
- IgA and IgM and blood groups - primary immunodeficiency - autoimmunity and hypersensitivity
59
B and T cells following activation become:
Memory cells
60
Immunologic memory allows for _____ immune response
More rapid and more robust
61
True or false: IgM has an extra CH domain
True (CH4)
62
What joins CH domains of IgM?
J chain
63
Which antibody is most efficient at agglutination and complement fixation
IgM
64
IgM structure
Pentamer
65
Serum IgA is a:
Monomer
66
Secretory IgA is a:
Dimer
67
Secretory IgA CH domains are linked by:
J-chain (plasma)
68
Secretory piece of secretory IgA made in:
Epithelial
69
Most produced antibody
Secretory IgA
70
Lowest DMFT score is found in what blood group
O (anti-A and anti-B antibodies)
71
Highest DMFT score is found in what blood group
AB (no antibodies)
72
_____ has a low (but not lowest) DMFT score ____ has a higher (but not highest) DMFT score
Blood group A; Blood group B
73
Most common immunodeficiency
Selective IgA deficiency
74
Selective IgA deficiency: most are asymptomatic due to:
IgM compensatory effect
75
Those with Selective IgA deficiency have an _____ in DMFT score
Increase
76
Sjogren's syndrome: SSA autoantibodies affect?
Salivary and lachrymal (exocrine) glands
77
Primary manifestation of Sjogren's syndrome
Dry mouth and dry eyes (xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
78
Sjogren's syndrome treatments
Anti-histamines contraindicated, pilocarpine
79
Xerostomia ___ caries risk
Increases
80
Sjogren's syndrome has a greater or lesser DMFT score than IgA deficiency?
Greater (4.1x)
81
What bacteria is associated with both early and advanced caries?
S. mutans
82
PRP gene polymorphisms (SNPs) or variants may modulate _____
Caries risk
83
Examples of PRP gene polymorphisms
- PRH1 - PRH2
84
PRH1 allelic variants is a ____ gene polymorphism that confers ______ from _____
PRP; increased caries risk; low to moderate
85
PRH2 allelic variants is a ____ gene polymorphism that confers ______ from _____
PRP; increased caries risk; low to high
86
_____ have increased caries risk regardless of sugar intake or hygiene
PRH2 allelic variants

DEN 7108 Micro and Immuno Concepts Part II (27 decks)

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