EXAM 4 Immune Memory and Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

the immune response ___ over time. antibodies developed during the ___ response provide protective immunity.

A
  • improves
  • primary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

after an immune response, what happens to serup antibody levels over time?

A

they decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

compare the primary adaptive immune response to the secondary adaptive immune response over time

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

B cells and T cells produce ___ and ___ memory cells

A

central and effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 adaptive memory cells?

A
  • memory B cells
  • memory plasma cells
  • memory T cells
    • central and effector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are B and T central and effector memory cells develop?

A

in secondary lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where to B and T central and effector memory cells persist?

A
  • bone marrow (memory plasma cells)
  • secondary lymphoid tissues (memory B cells)
  • peripheral tissues
  • circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ cells have a broad antigen response, while ___ cells have specific, restricted antigen response

A

primary effector, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___ cells require multiple activation steps and signals, while ___ cells are easily activated

A

primary effector, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

___ B cells do not require target refinement, while ___ B cells must undergo target refinement (what are the two ways?)

A
  • memory, primary effector
  • somatic hypermutation and class switching
    • they can only undergo somatic hypermutation once
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

clonal selection and expansion must occur with ___ cells, while only clonal expansion occurs with ___ cells

A

primary effector, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___ cells persist for long months and replicate, which provides ___, while ___ cells die after several days

A
  • memory, long-term immunity
  • primary effector cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

immune memory can persist for ___

A

decades

think about vaccinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

immune memory persistence is dependent on what? what does it not depend on?

A
  • pathogen and exposure
  • antigen persistence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

immune memory persistence creates steady-state ___ levels

A

serum antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

immune memory persistence is highly variable across ___

A

disease

17
Q

the secondary immune response activates ___ cells and inhibits ___ cells

A
  • memory B cells
  • naive B cells
18
Q

describe the primary adaptive immune response. what is produced?

A
  • naive B cell binds pathogen
  • naive B cell is activated and becomes an antibody-producing plasma cells
  • produces low-affinity IgM antibodies
19
Q

memory B cells ___ with repeated exposure

A

improve

antibody amount and affinity improves

20
Q

activated memory B cells replicate into ___ cells and more ___ cells

A

plasma, memory

21
Q

what is the concept of vaccine boosters?

A

improve memory B cells with repeated exposure

22
Q

memory B cells can form cognate pairs with ___ cells, resulting in what 3 things?

A
  • memory Tfh cells
  • germinal centers, class switching, somatic hypermutation
23
Q

describe memory T cells

A
  • CD8 and CD4 subtypes
  • recirculate through tissues
  • do not require CD28 co-stimulation
  • altered protein expression
  • two classes
    • central and effector
24
Q

what is are the differences between central memory T cells and effector memory T cells

A
25
Q

what can erode immune memory?

A

highly mutable pathogens

this affects memory response

26
Q

___ cells allow secondary immune responses

A

memory

27
Q

what are the differences between primary and secondary adaptive immune responses?

A
28
Q

describe how vaccines are highly effective tools for disease prevention

A
  • train immune memory
  • highly effective
  • can have a rapid effect
  • carries some individual risk
  • herd immunity is important
29
Q

what are 6 targets of vaccines?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • parasites
  • small molecules
  • cancer
  • autoimmune disorders
30
Q

what are the 7 vaccine types?

A
  • attenuated live virus
  • inactivated
  • subunit
  • conjugate
  • toxoid
  • DNA
  • recombinant vector
31
Q

the first attenuated live virus vaccine was against ___

A

cowpox

32
Q

how are attenuated vaccines made?

A
  • the pathogenic virus is isolated from a patient and grown in human cultured cells
  • the cultured virus is used to infect monkey cells
  • the virus acquires a variety of mutations that allow it to grow well in monkey cells
  • the virus no longer grows well in human cells (it is attenuated) and can be used as a vaccine
33
Q

what are attenuated vaccines?

A

shared viral components, inability to infect humans, but promotes adaptive immunity

34
Q

what is an adjuvant?

A
  • a compound that incites an adaptive immune response
  • they broaden vaccine targets and improve efficacy
35
Q

what are some benefits to adjuvants?

A
  • response against typically non-reactive antigens
  • enhances immune response
  • included in many vaccines
36
Q

describe recombinant protein vaccines

A
  • neisseria has factor H binding protein that binds factor H and hijacks it, inhibiting C3b and preventing the complement process
  • anti-fHbp “fixes” complement, and the bacteria is then killed
37
Q

vaccines are widely available for many infectious diseases, but not all. what are 6 diseases for which effective vaccines are not yet available?

A
  • malaria
  • schostosomiasis
  • tuberculosis
  • diarrheal disease
  • HIV/AIDS
  • hepatitis C
38
Q

what are some challenges that have made it difficult or impossible to make vaccines against certain diseases?

A
  • targets
  • evasion
  • mutation and variance
  • incidence and cost