EXAM 4 Immune Memory and Vaccination Flashcards
the immune response ___ over time. antibodies developed during the ___ response provide protective immunity.
- improves
- primary
after an immune response, what happens to serup antibody levels over time?
they decline
compare the primary adaptive immune response to the secondary adaptive immune response over time
B cells and T cells produce ___ and ___ memory cells
central and effector
what are the 3 adaptive memory cells?
- memory B cells
- memory plasma cells
- memory T cells
- central and effector
where are B and T central and effector memory cells develop?
in secondary lymphoid tissues
where to B and T central and effector memory cells persist?
- bone marrow (memory plasma cells)
- secondary lymphoid tissues (memory B cells)
- peripheral tissues
- circulation
___ cells have a broad antigen response, while ___ cells have specific, restricted antigen response
primary effector, memory
___ cells require multiple activation steps and signals, while ___ cells are easily activated
primary effector, memory
___ B cells do not require target refinement, while ___ B cells must undergo target refinement (what are the two ways?)
- memory, primary effector
- somatic hypermutation and class switching
- they can only undergo somatic hypermutation once
clonal selection and expansion must occur with ___ cells, while only clonal expansion occurs with ___ cells
primary effector, memory
___ cells persist for long months and replicate, which provides ___, while ___ cells die after several days
- memory, long-term immunity
- primary effector cells
immune memory can persist for ___
decades
think about vaccinations
immune memory persistence is dependent on what? what does it not depend on?
- pathogen and exposure
- antigen persistence
immune memory persistence creates steady-state ___ levels
serum antibody
immune memory persistence is highly variable across ___
disease
the secondary immune response activates ___ cells and inhibits ___ cells
- memory B cells
- naive B cells
describe the primary adaptive immune response. what is produced?
- naive B cell binds pathogen
- naive B cell is activated and becomes an antibody-producing plasma cells
- produces low-affinity IgM antibodies
memory B cells ___ with repeated exposure
improve
antibody amount and affinity improves
activated memory B cells replicate into ___ cells and more ___ cells
plasma, memory
what is the concept of vaccine boosters?
improve memory B cells with repeated exposure
memory B cells can form cognate pairs with ___ cells, resulting in what 3 things?
- memory Tfh cells
- germinal centers, class switching, somatic hypermutation
describe memory T cells
- CD8 and CD4 subtypes
- recirculate through tissues
- do not require CD28 co-stimulation
- altered protein expression
- two classes
- central and effector
what is are the differences between central memory T cells and effector memory T cells
what can erode immune memory?
highly mutable pathogens
this affects memory response
___ cells allow secondary immune responses
memory
what are the differences between primary and secondary adaptive immune responses?
describe how vaccines are highly effective tools for disease prevention
- train immune memory
- highly effective
- can have a rapid effect
- carries some individual risk
- herd immunity is important
what are 6 targets of vaccines?
- viruses
- bacteria
- parasites
- small molecules
- cancer
- autoimmune disorders
what are the 7 vaccine types?
- attenuated live virus
- inactivated
- subunit
- conjugate
- toxoid
- DNA
- recombinant vector
the first attenuated live virus vaccine was against ___
cowpox
how are attenuated vaccines made?
- the pathogenic virus is isolated from a patient and grown in human cultured cells
- the cultured virus is used to infect monkey cells
- the virus acquires a variety of mutations that allow it to grow well in monkey cells
- the virus no longer grows well in human cells (it is attenuated) and can be used as a vaccine
what are attenuated vaccines?
shared viral components, inability to infect humans, but promotes adaptive immunity
what is an adjuvant?
- a compound that incites an adaptive immune response
- they broaden vaccine targets and improve efficacy
what are some benefits to adjuvants?
- response against typically non-reactive antigens
- enhances immune response
- included in many vaccines
describe recombinant protein vaccines
- neisseria has factor H binding protein that binds factor H and hijacks it, inhibiting C3b and preventing the complement process
- anti-fHbp “fixes” complement, and the bacteria is then killed
vaccines are widely available for many infectious diseases, but not all. what are 6 diseases for which effective vaccines are not yet available?
- malaria
- schostosomiasis
- tuberculosis
- diarrheal disease
- HIV/AIDS
- hepatitis C
what are some challenges that have made it difficult or impossible to make vaccines against certain diseases?
- targets
- evasion
- mutation and variance
- incidence and cost
