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Host and Defense > EXAM 2 B Cells: Antibodies and Diversity > Flashcards

EXAM 2 B Cells: Antibodies and Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

B cells produce one unique ___

A

antibody

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2
Q

B cells target one antigen ___

A

epitope

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3
Q

B cells affect extracellular ___

A

pathogens

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4
Q

B cells have ___ target diversity

A

infinite

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5
Q

do B cells have high or low probability of reaching maturation?

A

low

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6
Q

B cells undergo ___ and ___

A

clonal selection and expansion

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7
Q

B cells improve targeting following ___

A

activation

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8
Q

B cells can persist for ___

A

years

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9
Q

what are the 6 phases, in order, of B cell infection response

A
  1. repertoire assembly
  2. negative selection
  3. positive selection
  4. searching for infection
  5. finding infection
  6. attacking infection
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10
Q

small lymphocytes can produce ___ or ___

A

B cells (antibodies) or cytotoxic and helper T cells

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11
Q

___ are fully differentiated forms of B cells that secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

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12
Q

describe the repertoire assembly phase of B cell infection response

A

generation of diverse and clonally expressed B-cell receptors in the bone marrow

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13
Q

describe the negative selection phase of B cell infection response

A

alteration, elimination, or inactivation of B-cell receptors that bind to components of the human body

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14
Q

describe the positive selection phase of B cell infection response

A

promotion of a fraction of immature B cells to become mature B cells in the secondary lymphoid tissues

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15
Q

describe the searchign for infection phase of B cell infection response

A

recirculation of mature B cells between lymph, blood, and secondary lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

describe the finding infection phase of B cell infection response

A

activation and cloncal expansion of B cells by pathogen-derived antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues

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17
Q

describe the attacking infection phase of B cell infection response

A

differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells in secondary lymphoid tissue

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18
Q

which phases of B cell infection response occur in the bone marrow, and which occur in seconary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • phase 1, 2, and 3 occur in the bone marrow
  • phase 4, 5, and 6 occur in secondary lymphoid tissues
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19
Q

antibodies are also called ___

A

immunoglobulins

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20
Q

antibodies are targeted ___

A

effector proteins

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21
Q

antibodies are ___ specific

A

antigen epitope

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22
Q

what are the effector functions of antibodies?

A
  • receptors - B cells and granulocytes
  • neutralization
  • opsonization
  • signaling
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23
Q

are antibodies glycoproteins?

A

yes

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24
Q

describe the theoretical and practical target diversity of antibodies

A
  • theoretical: 1X1016
  • practical: 1X109
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25
Q

what are the 3 sources of antiben diversity?

A
  • genetic recombination
  • junctional diversity
  • somatic hypermutation
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26
Q

antibodies have a ___ chain and a ___ chain

A

heavy and light

27
Q

describe the heavy chain of antibodies

A
  • isotype determines antibody class
  • receptor interaction
  • proportionally small variable region
  • binds antigen
28
Q

describe the light chain of antibodies

A
  • binds antigen
  • proportionally large variable region
  • two isotypes
  • κ
  • λ
29
Q

which isotypes dictate each antibody class?

A
  • γ (IgG)
  • μ (IgM)
  • δ (IgD)
  • α (IgA)
  • ε (IgE)
30
Q

different ___ encode the heavy and light chains

A

genes

31
Q

cleavage of an antibody by a protease will result in the production of what?

A
  • one Fc and two Fab fragments
  • cleaves at the disulfide bonds
32
Q

the light chains are at the ___ termini, and the heavy chains are at the ___ termini

A
  • N only
  • C and N
33
Q

what are Fab regions?

A

antigen binding region (N termini)

34
Q

what is the Fc region?

A

conserved region (C termini)

35
Q

what is the difference between monomeric antibodies, dimeric antibodies, and pentameric antibodies?

A
  • monomeric antibodies have the single antibody
  • dimeric antibodies are a complex of two antibodies + J chain (holds the two Abs together)
  • pentameric antibodies are a complex of five antibodies + J chain (holds all five Abs together)
36
Q

antibody functional diversity is determined by the ___ region of the antibody

A

conserved

37
Q

which antibody regions bind antigens?

A

variable regions

38
Q

what are hypervariable regions?

A

regions where mutations occur that really effect binding affinity of particular antibodies

39
Q

what are the 4 main antigen epitopes that antibodies target?

A
  • terminal polysaccharide
  • polysaccharide chain
  • globular protein surface
  • globular protein pocket
40
Q

___ is a molecule recognized by a B or T cell

A

antigen

41
Q

___ is the region of an antigen bound by an antibody or MHC/TCR

A

epitope

42
Q

describe the 4 types of epitopes

A
43
Q

antibody structure facilitates ___

A

function

44
Q

___ production coincides with B cell development

A

antibody

45
Q

gene rearrangement of antibodies occurs where?

A

the bone marrow

46
Q

somatic hypermutation and isotype switching occurs where?

A

secondary lymphoid organs and circulation

47
Q

antibody genes are assembled from ___

A

fragmented segments

48
Q

which chromosomes are the lambda light chain loci, kappa light chain loci, and heavy chain loci on?

A
  • lambda light chain - chromosome 22
  • kappa light chain - chromosome 2
  • heavy chain - chromosome 14
49
Q

antibody production requries ___

A

recombination

this produces enormous diversity of antigen binding

50
Q

what are the regions of genomes used to construct antibodies?

A
  • kappa light chain
    • variable, joining/junctional, and constant/conserved
  • lambda light chain
    • variable, joining/junctional, and constant/conserved
  • heavy chain
    • variable, diversity, joining/junctional, and constant/conserved
51
Q

somatic recombination creates ___

A

antibody coding sequence

52
Q

somatic recombination follows a ___ sequence, tied to specific ___

A
  • set
  • B cell developmental stages
53
Q

in somatic recombination, segments are ___ paired

A

randomly

54
Q

the ___ complex randomly pairs gene segments. the gene segments are randomly paired to create ___.

A
  • RAG
  • coding sequences
55
Q

junctional diversity is created during ___

A

recombination

56
Q

every time you pair a variable, diversity, or junctional region, you add ___ to that sequence. which enzyme facilitates this?

A
  • additional nucleotides
  • TdT - terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
57
Q

a single B cell can express all ___

A

antibody isotypes

58
Q

B cells usually only express one antibody, except in which case?

A
59
Q

somatic hypermutation rapidly increases ___

A

antibody affinity

60
Q

antibodies are important ___ and ___ tools

A

diagnostic and therapeutic

61
Q

what does polyclonal refer to?

A

multiple antibodies targeted against the same antigen

62
Q

what does monoclonal refer to?

A

a single antibody targeted against a single antigen

63
Q

describe how antibodies are important diagnostic and therapeutic tools

A
  • diagnostic
    • pathogen identification
    • protein quantification
    • cellular identification
  • therapeutic
    • targeted killing
    • chemical delivery
    • immunomodulatory

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