EXAM 4 Hypersensitivity, Allergy, and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

___ causes self harm during hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 1

immunity

Question 2

who discovered anaphylaxis?

Answer 2

paul portier and charles richet

• looked at proteins associated with portugese man o’ war toxin
• repeated exposure rapidly killed dogs
  
  • vomiting, diarrhea, asphyxia

Question 3

what is anaphylaxis?

Answer 3

• a severe, immediate, and system-wide harmful immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen
• first identified hypersensitivity reaction

Question 4

what is a hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 4

an immediate or delayed immune response to innocuous antigens (often, but not always) resulting in healthy tissue damage

Question 5

what are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions? what are they defined by?

Answer 5

they are defined by their effector mechanisms

Question 6

which hypersensitivity reactions are humorally mediated?

Answer 6

types I, II, and III

Question 7

which hypersensitivity reaction is cell-mediated?

Answer 7

type IV

Question 8

allergy is a type ___ hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 8

I

Question 9

what is an allergen?

Answer 9

• non-pathogenic antigens that illicit hypersensitivity reactions
• proteins or glycoproteins
• enzymatic activity, often proteases
• interact with PRRs
• low, persistent concentrations at mucosal surfaces

Question 10

which 3 granulocytes are allergen-IgE activated (type I hypersensitivity reaction)?

Answer 10

mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

Question 11

type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what immunoglobulin?

Answer 11

IgE

Question 12

is a type I hypersensitivity reaction immedate or delayed?

Answer 12

immediate

Question 13

what are some examples of how type I hypersensitivity reactions are localized?

Answer 13

allergic rhinitis (hayfever), allergic asthma, eczema, food allergies

Question 14

what is an example of how type I hypersensitivity reactions can be systemic?

Answer 14

anaphylactic shock

Question 15

are type I hypersensitivity reactions local or systemic?

Answer 15

they can be both

Question 16

what is the type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 16

• antigen induces cross-linking of IgE bound to mast cells and basophils with release of vasoactive mediators
• typical manifestations - includes systemic anaphylaxis and localized anaphylaxis such as hay fever, asthma, hives, food allergies, and eczema

Question 17

granulocytes are ___ effectors in parasite immunity

Answer 17

Th2

Question 18

mast cell degranulation drives ___

Answer 18

inflammation

Question 19

describe mast-cell activation and degranulation in the GI tract

Answer 19

• increased fluid secretion, increased peristalsis
• expulsion of GI tract contents by diarrhea and/or vomiting

Question 20

describe mast-cell activation and degranulation in the airways

Answer 20

• decreased diameter, increased mucus secretion
• expulsion of airway contents through coughing, sneezing, and expulsion of phlegm

Question 21

describe mast-cell activation and degranulation in the blood vessels

Answer 21

• increased blood flow, increased permeability
• edema and inflammation, increased flow of antigens in lymph to lymph nodes