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Host and Defense > EXAM 1 Intro to Immunology and Generalized Responses to Infection > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Intro to Immunology and Generalized Responses to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 roles of the immune system?

A
  1. kill or control pathogens
  2. control disease
  3. repair tissue damage
  4. organ development
  5. maintain organ integrity and function
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2
Q

pathogens damage tissues in what two major ways?

A

directly and indirectly

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3
Q

what are the 3 ways that pathogens directly damage tissues?

A
  • exotoxin production
  • endotoxin
  • direct cytopathic effect
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4
Q

what are the 3 ways that pathogens indirectly damage tissues?

A
  • immune complexes
  • anti-host antibody
  • cell-mediated immunity
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5
Q

what is an exotoxin?

A

a pathogen-secreted toxin

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6
Q

what is an endotoxin?

A

a toxic pathogen component

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7
Q

describe the form diversity challenge that pathogens present to the immune system

A

there are roughly 1400 diverse forms of pathogens

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8
Q

describe the life cycle diversity challenge that pathogens present to the immune system

A
  • pathogens often infect multiple body compartments
  • pathogen physiology changes with life cycle
  • no single immune response type clears a pathogen
  • ex. listeria monocytogenes infection
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9
Q

describe the diverse routes of infection challenge that pathogens present to the immune system

A
  • mouth and respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • reproductive tract
  • opportunistic pathogens - resident micriobiota
  • external surface
  • wounds and abrasions
  • insect bites
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10
Q

describe the challenge of rapid, targeted response over a broad domain that pathogens present to the immune system

A
  • immune system has to respond to many insults in specific ways
    • ex. external wound vs. inhalation of pathogen
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11
Q

what are the 4 recognition mechanisms of innate immunity?

A
  • rapid response (hours)
  • fixed
  • limited number of specificities
  • constant during response
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12
Q

what are the 4 recognition systems of adaptive immunity?

A
  • slow response (days to weeks)
  • variable
  • numerous highly selective specificies
  • improve during response
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13
Q

T or F

the innate and adaptive immune systems work together to fight infections

A

true

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14
Q

what are the 6 cells of innate immunity?

A
  • granulocytes
    • neutrophil
    • eosinophil
    • basophil
  • monocytes
    • macrophage
    • dendritic cell
  • mast cell
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15
Q

what are the 4 cells of adaptive immunity?

A
  • lymphocytes
    • T cells
    • B cells
  • NK cells
  • dendritic cells
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16
Q

describe primary lymphoid organs

A
  • where immune cells originate and develop
  • tissues
    • bone marrow and thymus
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17
Q

describe secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • where adaptive immune responses are initiated
  • where naive and mature B and T cells reside
  • tissues:
    • lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic system, organ-specific lymph node-like tissues
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18
Q

immune cells use the ___ and ___ systems to reach tissues

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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19
Q

describe lymphatic recirculation

A
  • immune cells use the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system to reach tissues
  • naive lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes in arterial blood
  • pathogens from the site of infection reach lymph nodes via lymphatics
  • lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via the lymphatics
  • venous blood returns to the heart
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20
Q

the adaptive immune system comes from a common ___ precursor

A

lymphoid

21
Q

the innate immune system comes from a common ___ precursor

A

myeloid

22
Q

the lymphatic system is a large ___ network

A

duct

23
Q

lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, granulocytes, and mast cells are collectively called what?

A

leukocytes

24
Q

what is lymph?

A

interstitial fluid that drains into the lymphatic system, and includes cells, pathogens, and waste

25
Q

the flow of lymph is ___

A

unidirectional

26
Q

describe the unidirectional flow of lymph

A
  • valves
  • smooth muscle
  • pressure gradient
  • drains into the venous system
27
Q

lymph nodes allow ___ to browse drainage

A

lymphocytes

28
Q

what are the three stages of the generalized response to infection?

A
  1. immediate innate
  2. induced innate
  3. adaptive
29
Q

what are immediate innate systems involved in the inflammatory response?

A
  • barriers
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • complement
30
Q

describe the process of the inflammatory response?

A
  • surface wound introduces bacteria, resident effector cells are activated to secrete cytokines
  • fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells leave blood and enter tissue
  • infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain
31
Q

describe the induced innate immune response

A
  • neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight infection
  • they enter the infected tissue, where they engulf and kill bacteria
  • neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed/degraded by macrophages
32
Q

what are the 7 cell types of the induced innate immune response?

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
    • macrophages
    • dendritic cells
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • mast cells
  • NK cells
33
Q

of the induced innate cell types, which ones are resident in the tissue but require activation?

A

basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells

34
Q

what are the 3 primary antigen presenting cell types?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes

35
Q

describe how naive lymphocytes are activated in lymph nodes

A
  • mature, naive T and B cells reside in lymph nodes
  • pathogens are presented to lymphocytes in lymph nodes
  • activated lymphocytes travel from lymph nodes to infected tissues
36
Q

___ activates lymphocytes

A
  • antigen presentation by dendritic cells, macrophages, or B lymphocytes
  • leads to clonal selection and expansion
37
Q

lymphocytes have a functionally infinite capacity for ___

A

antigen recognition

38
Q

lymphocyte antigen specificty ___ over time

A

improves

39
Q

___ cells preserve the ability to recurrently respond to an antigen

A

memory T and B cells

40
Q

which cells kill pathogenic self cells and regulate the immune response?

A

T cells

41
Q

describe how cytotoxic (CD8) T cells kill pathogenic self cells

A

recognizes complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cell

42
Q

describe how regulatory (CD4) T cells kill pathogenic self cells

A
  • Th1 cell recognizes complex of bacterial peptide with MHC class II and activates macrophage
  • helper T cell recognizes complex of antigenic peptide with MHC class II and activates B cell
43
Q

describe how B cells produce antibodies

A
  • a resting B cell encounters an antigen
  • the B cell is stimulated and gives rise to antibody-secreting plasma cells
  • plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood and tissues
44
Q

antibodies are targeted against a single ___

A

antigen

45
Q

what is the normal response and deficient response to an infectious agent?

A
  • normal response - protective immunity
  • deficient response - recurrent infection
46
Q

what is the normal response and deficient response to an innocuous substance?

A
  • normal response - allergy
  • deficient response - no response
47
Q

what is the normal response and deficient response to a grafted organ?

A
  • normal response - rejection
  • deficient response - acceptance
48
Q

what is the normal response and deficient response to a self organ?

A
  • normal response - autoimmunity
  • deficient response - self tolerance
49
Q

what is the normal response and deficient response to a tumor?

A
  • normal response - tumor immunity
  • deficient response - cancer

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