Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Host and Defense > EXAM 2 Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

___ refers to the syndromes of diarrhea or vomiting that tend to involve non-inflammatory infection of the upper small bowel or inflammatory infection of the colon

A

gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in many heavily populated areas, deaths from ___ exceed those from any other single cause

A

diarrheal illnesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___ is the leading cause of childhood death in developing countries

A

diarrheal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

over ___% of children born in certain parts of latin armerica die before their 5th birthday and in more than half, ___ is the major or associated cause of death

A
  • 13%
  • diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the inoculum of ___ required to cause disease can be reduced 10,000 fold from 108 to 104 organisms by neutralizing gastric acid with 2g of ___

A

v. cholerae

sodium bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 3 microbial virulence factor toxins involved in gasteroenteritis?

A

neurotoxins, enterotoxins, cytotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neurotoxins are usually ingested as ___ that cause enteric symptoms

A

preformed toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ have their effect on the central autonomic nervous system rather than on the intestine, per se

A

neurotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which 3 neurotoxins are involved in gastroenteritis?

A

staphylococcus aureus, bacillus, and clostridium botulinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

___ have a direct effect on the intestinal mucosa to cause fluid secretion

A

enterotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

enterotoxins cause an alteration in the metabolic activity of the ___

A

intestinal epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enterotoxins result in an outpouring of ___ and ___ primarily in the jejunum and upper ileum

A

electrolytes and fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 7 main enterotoxins involved in gastroenteritis?

A
  • vibrio cholerae
  • noncholera vibrio sp.
  • e. coli
  • salmonella sp.
  • clostridium perfringens
  • shigella dysenteriae
  • bacillus cereus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

___ are responsible for the mucosal destruction

A

cytotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cytotoxins often result in ___ due to the mucosal destruction

A

inflammatory colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cytotoxin mucosal destruction happens almost exclusively in the ___

A

colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inflammatory colitis as a result of cytotoxins is often referred to as ___

A

dysentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 7 cytotoxins associated with gastroenteritis?

A
  • shigella dysenteriae
  • c. perfringens
  • vibrio parahemolyticus
  • s. aureus
  • clostridium difficile
  • campylobacter jejuni
  • e. coli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

do many of the enteric pathogens produce more than one type of toxin?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the bacteria associated with attachment microbial virulence factors?

A
  • e. coli
  • giardia lamblia
  • cryptosporidium
  • isospora
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe attachment microbial virulence factors

A

they destroy the ability of cells to participate in normal secretion and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 6 bacteria associated with invasive microbial virulence factors?

A
  • shigella sp.
  • e. coli
  • salmonella typhi
  • salmonella cholerasuis
  • vibrio sp.
  • yersinia enterocolitica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe invasive microbial virulence factors

A

the capacity of organisms such as shigella and certain invasive strains of e. coli invade and destroy epithelial cells, primarily the colon, is responsible for the inflammatory or dysenteric diarrhea they cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

s. aureus is often found in what 3 things?

A

meats, milk products, foodhandlers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

estimated ___% of all food-borne disease in the US is caused by bacteria and virus

A

84%

26
Q

16% of food-borne illness in the US is caused by what?

A

seafood, plant, and fungal toxins

parasites

27
Q

___ and ___ are the leading acuses of bacterial foodborne disease in the US

A

campylobacter jejuni and salmonella sp.

28
Q

c. perfringenes is often found in what 2 things?

A

meats and soil

29
Q

salmonella is found in what 5 things?

A

poultry, eggs, meats, milk, produce

30
Q

shigella is found in what 2 things?

A

produce, direct fecal/oral

31
Q

campylobacter is found in what 4 things?

A

water, raw milk, poultry, pets

32
Q

vibrio parahaemolyticus is found in what?

A

raw or undercooked seafood

33
Q

bacillus cereus is found in what 3 things?

A

rice, meat, and vegetables (dirt)

34
Q

aeromonas hydrophilia is found in what 2 things?

A

water and water sports

35
Q

vibrio cholera is found in what 2 things?

A

water and contaminated food

36
Q

SLT e. coli is found in what 3 things?

A

beef, raw milk, produce

37
Q

listeria monocytogenes is fond in what 3 things?

A

soft cheeses, unpasturized milk, deli meats

38
Q

what are 2 unusual sources of foodborne illness?

A

off-season fruits and vegetables, exotic pets

39
Q

what are the main bacteria associated with food-borne illness?

A
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • c. perfringens
  • salmonella
  • shigella
  • campylobacter
  • vibrio parahaemolyticus
  • bacillus cereus
  • aeromonas hydrophilia
  • vibrio cholera
  • SLT e. coli
  • listeria monocytogenes
40
Q

___ has an incubation period of minutes

A

hysteria reaction

41
Q

___ have incubation periods of minutes-hours

A
  • bacillus cereus
  • s. aureus
  • chemicals, heavy metals, and shellfish toxins
42
Q

___ and ___ have incubation periods of several hours

A
  • botulism
  • s. perfringens
43
Q

which organisms have incubations of about a day or so?

A
  • salmonella
  • shigella
  • vibrio parahaemolyticus
  • campylobacter
  • yersenia enterocolitica
  • viruses
44
Q

what 3 organisms have incubation periods of days to weeks?

A
  • c. difficile
  • giardia
  • amoeba
45
Q

of greatest importance in the treatment of microbial diarrhea, regardless of the cause or category, is ___

A

fluid replacement

46
Q

describe the standard oral fluid regimen for the treatment of gasteroenteritis

A
  • 3.5g NaCl
  • 2.5g NaHCO3
  • 1.5g KCl
  • 20g glucose
  • 1 liter of boiled water
47
Q

describe the in home fluid/electrolyte replacement for the treatment of gastroenteritis

A
  • 3 tsp sugar
  • 3/4 tsp salt
  • 1/2 tsp baking soda
  • 1 cup orange juice
  • add water to make 1 quart
  • 2 bananas
48
Q

antibiotic treatment should be avoided in uncomplicated cases of ___

A

non-typhoid salmonella

*but, antibiotics can be lifesaving in invasive salmonella and typhoid fever

49
Q

antibiotic treatment may be used for ___ and ___

A

shigella and cholera

50
Q

___ can eradicate carriage of c. jejuni and can shorten duration of disease

A

erythromycin

51
Q

antibiotics offer no value for ___, ___, and ___ food poisoning

A

staph, b. cereus, and c. perfringens

52
Q

antibiotics probably have minimal vause in what 3 organisms?

A

v. parahaemolyticus, y. enterocolitica, and invasive e. coli

53
Q

what is a potential contraindication for the use of antibiotics in the treatment of gastroenteritis?

A

patients with SLT e. coli and HUS

54
Q

what are the 3 microbial virulence factors?

A

toxins, attachment, and invasiveness

55
Q

what are the two normal enteric microflora

A
  • anaerobe - bacteroides fragilis
  • facultative - e. coli
56
Q

at the normal gastric pH (<4), over 99.9% of the ingested coliform bacteria are killed within ___ minutes

A

30

57
Q

what are the host factors for gastroenteritis?

A
  • host species, genotype, and age
  • personal hygiene
  • gastric aciditiy and other physical barriers
  • intestinal motility
  • enteric microflora
  • specific immunity - phagocytic, humoral, cell-mediated
  • nonspecific protective factors and human milk
  • intestinal receptors
58
Q

gastrointestinal illnessin the US ranges from ___ to ___ illnesses per person per year

A

1-1.5

59
Q

___ is a common result of gastroenteritis

A

dehydration

60
Q

can malnutrition cause diarrhea?

A

yes

Host and Defense (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions