EXAM 4 Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

___ is an infection that naturally occurs in an insect or animal host that also can subsequently infect humans

A

zoonotic pathogen

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2
Q

the following are examples of what?

a new infection, never before seen

an infection that is known, but newly emerging in new hosts or geographies

an infection that has always been there, but not tested for

A

an emerging pathogen

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3
Q

what are 4 human activities to blame for emerging zoonotic infections?

A
  • habitat disruption or restoration
  • exotic foods
  • global travel
  • food globalization
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4
Q

>50% of ___ cases result in long-lasting relapsing arthralgia

A

chikungunya virus

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5
Q

chikungunya virus is closely related and serologically cross-reactive to ___

A

o’nyong’nyong

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6
Q

zika virus is part of the ___ family and is vectored by ___ spp of mosquito

A
  • flaviviridae
  • aedes
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7
Q

___ is a common symptom of zika virus infection

A

conjunctivitis

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8
Q

is death common from zika virus infections?

A

no

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9
Q

microcephaly in Brazil and Guillain-Barre syndromes are linked to ___

A

zika virus

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10
Q

what is the most common mechanism of transmission of zika virus?

A

blood transfusions

  • also mosquito bites, sexual transmission, congenital infection
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11
Q

there was one case of person-to-person nonsexual transmission of the zika virus in the US. what was determined to be the mode of transmission?

A

direct contact with the infected patients tears

(direct transmission between patients)

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12
Q

___ antibody testing is one method used to diagnose for zika virus

A

IgM

(IgM Antibody Capture ELISA)

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13
Q

___ is an emerging GI pathogen, infected humans are a vector, and distribution is in tropical/subtropical regions

A

cyclospora cayetanensis

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14
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of cyclospora?

A

watery diarrhea, vomiting, and low fever

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15
Q

in the life cycle of cyclospora, the oocysts are not infective when ___

A

shed

no direct human-to-human transmission

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16
Q

there have been 4 major recent outbreaks of cyclospora in the united states from what type of food?

A

cilantro

some other foods as well, like raspberries and basil

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17
Q

cyclospora is diagnosed via ___ or ___

A

molecular multiplex panel testing or microscopy

molecular multiplex panel testing is much better

18
Q

what is the treatment for cyclospora cayetanensis infection?

A

trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole

19
Q

all cases of ___ have been linked to saudi arabia

A

coronaviriae (MERS)

20
Q

MERS has a ___% fatality rate

A

30-40%

21
Q

MERS coronaviridae is a ___ pathogen, likely spread through ___

A
  • respiratory
  • respiratory secretions - caregivers and household contacts can become infected

can cause severe acute respiratory illness

22
Q

what is the possible origin of MERS coronaviridae?

A

bats and camels

23
Q

to avoid contracting ___, contact with ill travelers from the arabian peninsula and camel contact should be avoided

A

MERS coronaviridae

24
Q

is MERS coronaviridae highly pathogenic?

A

yes, and it has a high case fatality rate

25
Q

MERS coronaviridae has a ___ risk for dental clinics

A

high

26
Q

___, aka “bird flu”, has been found rarely in Asia with poultry handlers, and has no direct human-to-human transmission

A

avian influenza

27
Q

___ infection causes a tick-borne relapsing fever and is associated with deer tick bites (no direct human-to-human transmission), and is rare in the US

A

borrelia miyamotoi

28
Q

___ and ___ are tick-borne diseases that are widespread in the US/Canada, and are associated with deer tick bites (no direct human-to-human transmission)

A

anaplasma and ehrlichia

29
Q

___ is a filovirus, associated with infected fruit bats or primates (before person-to-person occurs), and patient body fluids are highly infectious

A

ebola virus

30
Q

___ is associated with handling amphibians, reptiles, and birds

A

salmonella

31
Q

___ is associated with petting zoos and farm animal exposures

A

shiga-like toxin producing e. coli

32
Q

___ is a zoonotic pathogen contracted from bites of infected animals

A

rabies

33
Q

___ causes lyme disease and is contracted from tick bites

A

borrelia burgdorferi

34
Q

___ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and is contracted from tick bites

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

35
Q

how is west nile virus spread?

A

mosquito bites

36
Q

___ is spread through contaminated water

A

cryptosporidium

37
Q

___ is spread through contaminated water and aerosolized spores

A

microsporidia

38
Q

___ is spread through lake water exposure in nostrils

A

naegleria fowleri

39
Q

the ___ mosquito is a vector for chikungunya

A

aedes aegypti

40
Q

chikungunya is diagnosed via ___ antibody detection, and is cross-reactive with other alphaciruses, like ___

A
  • IgM
  • o’nyong’nyong