EXAM 2 Healthcare Associated Infections Flashcards
what type of infection is acquired during an acute care hospitalization (>48-72 hours following admission; excludes incubating at admission)?
nosocomial infection
what type of infection is acquired during the course of receiving healthcare treatment, and involves broad exposure (long term care facility, dialysis, home parenteral therapy, etc.)?
healthcare associated infection
the healthcare system includes what 4 facilities?
- acute cair facility
- long term care facility
- ambulatory facility
- home care
what is described as the presence or carriage of microorganisms on a body surface without causing disease (ex. MRSA nasal carriage)
colonization
what is describe as the invasion of body tissues by microorganisms resulting in disease (clinical signs and symptoms) (ex. MRSA blood stream infection)?
infection
what are the top 5 major sites of infection of HAIs in US acute care settings?
- pneumonia
- surgical site infections from any inpatient surgery
- GI illness
- urinary tract infections
- primary bloodstream infections
what is the total estimated number of infections in hospitals in 2011?
721,800
describe types of organisms that cause HAIs in healthcare settings
- exogenous vs. endogenous sources
- pathogenic vs. commensal
- multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO)
- selection for due to antibiotic exposure
- shared via cross-transmission
how many deaths were associated with HAIs in US acute care settings in 2011?
75,000
what are the leading organisms that cause HAIs in US acute care hospitals?
from most common to least:
- c. difficile
- s. aureus (includes MRSA)
- klebsiella spp. (includes carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae [CRE])
- e. coli (includes CRE)
- enterococcus spp. (includes vancomycin resistant enterococcus [VRE])
- p. aeruginosa
- candida spp.
- streptococcus spp.
- coagulase neg. staphylococcus (commensal usually resistant to methicillin)
- enterobacter spp. (includes CRE)
- stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- proteus mirabilis
- acinetobacter baumannii (includes carbapanem resistant a. baumannii [CRABB])
c. difficile is responsible for ___ infections per year, ___ deaths per year, and $___ in excess medical costs per year
- 250,000
- 14,000
- $1 billion
what is the chain of infection that represents the infection process? what things can be controlled?
- each link must be present and in order for infection to occur
- can control transmission and portal of entry
why are hospitalized patients at high risk?
- exposure to exogenous organisms from:
- healthcare worker behavior (ex. poor hand hygiene)
- contaminated shared equipment
what are the WHO “5 moments for hand hygiene”?
- before touching a patient
- before clean/aseptic procedure
- after body fluid exposure risk
- after touching a patient
- after touchign patient surroundings
what are the standard body substance precautions?
- hand hygiene with all patient contact
- wear the appropriate PPE determined by nature of interaction and anticipated body fluid exposure