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Host and Defense > EXAM 2 Immediate Immunity: Barriers and Soluble Effectors I > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Immediate Immunity: Barriers and Soluble Effectors I Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity?

A
  • a generalized host defense mechanism that continuously acts from the start of an infection and does not adapt to a specific pathogen or generate immunologic memory
  • includes immediate and induced innate immunity
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2
Q

what 2 main components make up the immediate immune system?

A

barriers and soluble effectors

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3
Q

what are the barriers in immediate immunity?

A

mechanical, chemical, and microbiological

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4
Q

what are the soluble effectors of immediate immunity?

A

complement and antimicrobial peptides

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5
Q

what 2 components make up induced immunity?

A

cells and cytokines

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6
Q

what are the cells of induced immunity?

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • NK cells
  • mast cells
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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7
Q

what are the cytokines of induced immunity?

A
  • interleukins
  • chemokines
  • growth factors
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8
Q

innate immunity is a system of ___

A

pattern recognition

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9
Q

types and compositions of extracellular and cell surface proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids activate ___

A

specific immune responses

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10
Q

what are the classes of molecular patterns of innate immunity effector pathways?

A
  • pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
  • damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
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11
Q

what are the 4 PAMPs of innate immunity effector pathways?

A
  • lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  • flagellin
  • mannose sugars
  • unmethylated CpG DNA
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12
Q

when do the immediate and induced innate responses begin?

A
  • immediate: 0-4 hours
  • induced: 4-96 hours
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13
Q

what are the 3 DAMPs?

A
  • heat shock proteins
  • fibronectin
  • chromatin
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14
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

bind to specific things that are commonly expressed on pathogen surfaces

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15
Q

what are the mechanical, chemical, and microbiological barriers that the skin provides?

A
  • epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
  • longitudinal flow of air or fluid
  • fatty acids
  • beta-defensins, lamellar bodies, cathelicidin
  • normal microbiota
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16
Q

what are the mechanical, chemical, and microbiological barriers that the gut provides?

A
  • epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
  • longitudinal flow of air or fluid
  • low pH
  • enzymes
  • alpha-defensins, RegIII, cathelicidin
  • normal microbiota
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17
Q

what are the mechanical, chemical, and microbiological barriers that the lungs provides?

A
  • epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
  • movement of mucus by cilia
  • pulmonary surfactant
  • alpha-defensins, cathelicidin
  • normal microbiota
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18
Q

what are the mechanical, chemical, and microbiological barriers that the eyes/nose/oral cavity provides?

A
  • epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
  • tears, nasal cilia
  • enzymes in tears and saliva
  • histatins, beta defensins
  • normal microbiota
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19
Q

mechanical barriers prevent ___

A

infiltration

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20
Q

mechanical barriers physically block ___

A

pathogens

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21
Q

mechanical barriers are not ___

A

passive

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22
Q

what are 3 examples of mechanical barriers?

A

epidermis of skin, bronchial ciliated epithelium, cut epithelium

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23
Q

specialized ___ tissues are integrated into barriers

A

immune (lymphoid tissues)

24
Q

lymphoid tissues provide ___ terminology

A

tissue-specific

25
Q

lymphoid tissues provide localized activation of what 2 cells?

A

T and B cells

26
Q

lymphoid tissues have less structure than ___

A

lymph nodes

27
Q

what are two functions of chemical barriers that act on pathogens?

A
  • isolation and physical removal
  • targeted destruction
28
Q

describe isolation and physical removal of pathogens by chemical barriers

A

every mucosal tissue:

  • secretion - traps pathogens
  • motility (ex. cilia) - removes pathogens from mucosal surfaces
29
Q

describe targeted destruction of pathogens by chemical barriers

A
  • lysozyme cleaves peptidoglycans on gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls
  • exposes lipid bilayer and plasma membrane
  • allows other things (complement and defensins, for example) to bind those surfaces and destroy the cell
30
Q

what are the most common types of chemical barriers?

A

peptides and proteins are the most common, but some lipids and carbohydrates serve as chemical barriers

31
Q

describe the location and antimicrobial activities of lysozyme (chemical barrier)

A
  • location - mucosal/glandular secretions (tears, saliva, respiratory tract)
  • antimicrobial activities - cleaves glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycans in cell walls of bacteria, leading to lysis
32
Q

describe the location and antimicrobial activities of lactoferrin (chemical barrier)

A
  • location - mucosal/glandular secretions (milk, intestine mucus, nasal/respiratory and urogenital tract)
  • antimicrobial activities - binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi; disrupts microbial membranes; limits infectivity of some viruses
33
Q

describe the location and antimicrobial activities of defensins (alpha and beta; chemical barriers)

A
  • location - skin, mucosal epithelia (mouth, intestine, nasal/respiratory tract, urogenital tract)
  • antimicrobial activities - disrupt membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, and viruses; additional toxic effects intracellularly; kill cells and disable viruses
34
Q

describe how defensins disrupt pathogen membranes

A
  • electrostatic attraction and the transmembrane electric field bring the defensin into the lipid bilayer
  • defensin peptides form a pore
35
Q

in what ways do alpha and beta defensins act as signaling molecules?

A

chemotaxis, ACTH antagonist, opsonization, interaction with complement, cytotoxicity and growth promotion, wound repair and cell migration, and histamine release

36
Q

defensins are prominent in the ___

A

oral epithelium

37
Q

describe the defensins that are prominent in the oral epithelium

A
  • neutrophils are induced to secrete alpha-defensins into the GCF
  • stratified oral epithelium constitutively release beta-defensins
38
Q

___ and ___ bacteria form barriers

A

mutualistic and commensal

both aerobic and anaerobic genres

39
Q

describe mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic relationships

A
  • mutualistic - both organisms benefit (most common)
  • commensal - one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
  • parasitic - one organism benefits, the other suffers
40
Q

what are the protective functions of mutualistic and commensal bacteria?

A
  • pathogen displacement
  • nutrient competition
  • receptor competition
  • production of antimicrobial factors
41
Q

what are the structural functions of mutualistic and commensal bacteria?

A
  • barrier fortification
  • induction of IgA
  • apical tightening of tight junctions
  • immune system development
42
Q

what are the metabolic functions of mutualistic and commensal bacteria?

A
  • control IEC differentiation and proliferation
  • metabolize dietary carcinogens
  • synthesize vitamins
  • ferment non-digestible dietary residue and endogenous epithelial-derived mucus
  • ion absorption
  • salvage of energy
43
Q

mucosal flora interact with the immune system

___ peptides shape local gut flora

A

antimicrobial (ex. beta defensins)

44
Q

mucosal flora interact with the immune system

commensal flora outcompete ___

A

pathogenic bacteria

45
Q

mucosal flora interact with the immune system

___ detect commensal bacteria and prevent inflammation

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

46
Q

mucosal flora interact with the immune system

commensal bacteria induce ___ and ___ secretion

A

IgA and antimicrobial peptide

47
Q

mucosal flora interact with the immune system

___ cells constantly browse mucosal flora

A

dendritic

48
Q

what is the complement system?

A

an immune surveillance system of plasma proteins that act in cascades to selectively kill extracellular pathogens and diseased tissue, promote inflammation, clear tissue damage, and regulate tissue homeostasis

49
Q

what are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. lectin pathway
  3. alternate pathway
50
Q

describe the classical pathway

A
  • it was the first pathway identified, and is the first one to activate
  • interaction between immunoglobulins produced by B cells and the complement system
51
Q

complement is a ___ system

A

pattern recognition

52
Q

most components of the complement system are made in the ___

A

liver

53
Q

the complement system is evolutionarily ___

A

ancient

54
Q

what are the 7 complement components?

A
  • initiators
  • convertase activators
  • opsonins
  • anaphylatoxins
  • membrane attack complex
  • complement receptors
  • regulators
55
Q

what is the predominant site of synthesis of alpha defensins?

A

neutrophils are the most common site, but alpha defensins are also synthesized from paneth cells

56
Q

what is the most common site of synthesis of beta defensins?

A

epithelial cells

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