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Host and Defense > EXAM 4 Adaptive Immune Disease > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Adaptive Immune Disease Flashcards

1
Q

autoimmune diseases are loss of ___, leading to ___ reactions

A
  • tolerance
  • hypersensitivity
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2
Q

describe autoimmune diseases

A
  • adaptive immune targeting of self
  • humoral or cell mediated
  • often chronic and life long
  • loss of self-tolerance
  • hypersensitivity reactions - type II, III, and IV
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3
Q

what are mechanisms that contribute to immunological self-tolerance?

A
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4
Q

autoimmune disorders are caused by ___, ___, or ___

A

genetics, the environment, or both

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5
Q

there are more than ___ autoimmune diseases

A

80

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6
Q

___% of the US population is affected by autoimmune disorders

A

3%

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7
Q

autoimmune diseases are among the 10 leading causes of death among what population?

A

women under 65

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8
Q

genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases is important. only ___% of predisposed individuals get autoimmune disease

A

20%

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9
Q

are there infectious and non-infectious causes of autoimmune diseases?

A

yes, both

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10
Q

___ subtype influences autoimmune disease development

A

HLA

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11
Q

how do HLA subtypes influence autoimmune disease development?

A
  • HLA genes associated with susceptibility in 50% of autoimmune diseases
  • class II alleles most frequently implicated
  • CD4 T cells closely tied to autoimmune disease development
  • susceptibility does not always lead to disease
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12
Q

type II hypersensitivity is mediated by what immunolobulins?

A

IgG or IgM

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13
Q

type II hypersensitivity reactions target ___

A

cell surface proteins

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14
Q

in type II hypersensitivity, are antibodies agonistic or antagonist?

A

they can be both

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15
Q

rheumatic fever is caused by ___

A

molecular mimicry

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16
Q

describe the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever

A
  • staph pyogenes throat infection
  • s. pyogenes cell wall shares human epitopes
  • transient due to lack of T cell help
  • demonstrates T cell necessity for prolonged autoimmunity
17
Q

describe graves disease

A
  • antibody binding causes metabolic dysfunction
  • antibodies function as a TSH agonist
  • CD4 Th2 response
  • excessive thyroid hormone release
  • antibodies do not cause overt tissue damage
  • hyperthyroid condition - weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety and irritability, exophthalmos
  • thyroid ablatement
18
Q

describe how antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders can be temporarily transferred to newborns

A
19
Q

what is hashimotos disease?

A
  • destruction of normal thyroid tissue
  • CD4 Th1 response
  • hypothyroidism
  • ectopic lymphoid tissue formed in the thyroid
  • enlarged thyroid present swallowing difficulty
20
Q

___ is a form of hypothyroidism, and ___ is a form of hyperthyroidism

A
  • hashimotos disease
  • graves disease
21
Q

___ is a disease that causes progressive destruction of the exocrine glands

A

sjogrens syndrome

22
Q

describe how sjogrens syndrome is one of the most common autoimmune disorders

A
  • 0.5% to 5% prevalence
  • 9 times more prevalent in women
  • utah has one of the largest known patient populations
23
Q

sjogrens syndrome is a type ___ hypersensitivity

A

II

24
Q

what are some clinical manifestations of sjorgrens syndrome?

A
  • dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis
    • dramatically reduced salivary flow, tongue scaling, diffuse submandibular swelling, prominent caries, oral candidiasis
25
Q

what are the initiating factors of sjogrens disease?

A

unknown

26
Q

type III autoimmune diseases are ___ mediated, form large ___ complexes, cause ___ and ___, and can lead to ___ diseases

A
  • IgG
  • immune
  • rashes, kidney dysfunction
  • rheumatic
27
Q

describe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A
  • widespread self-antigen targeting and complex deposition
  • deposits in the blood vessels, kidneys, and joints
  • epitope spreading leads to intracellular antigen targeting
28
Q

what is the cause of SLE?

A

unknown cause, potential environmental trigger

29
Q

what is the external and oral presentation of SLE during a flare-up?

A
  • external - rash on the face that looks like a wolf
  • oral - mouth ulcers and plaques
    • not necessarily painful at onset
30
Q

___ causes intermolecular epitope spreading

A

SLE

  • macromolecular complex presentation
  • slowly expanding adaptive response
  • loss of tolerance
31
Q

type IV hypersensitivity autoimmune diseases are ___ mediated, involve ___ hypersensitivity, and ___ is tied to increased autoimmune disease incidence

A
  • CD4 and CD8
  • contact
  • thymic involution
32
Q

___ is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity autoimmune disease

A

celiac disease

33
Q

describe autoimmunity in type I diabetes

A
  • HLA-DR3/4 linkage
  • CD4 and CD8 T cell resposne kills beta cells
  • viral cross-reactivity model
  • molecular mimicry
  • stress
  • epitope spreading - intraepitope and interepitope
34
Q

what are the oral manifestations of type I diabetes?

A
  • reduced salivary flow
  • altered saliva composition
  • impaired wound healing
  • sweet breath

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