EXAM 4 Cancer Immunology Flashcards
the immune system has a role in suppressing ___
tumor growth
this is why immunocompromised patients will have more tumor growth than immunocompetent patients
what immune cells are involved in the innate response of resisting a tumor?
NK cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages
___ cells specialize in killing of cells with down-regulate MHC I, or that express NK receptor ligands
NK cells
activation with ___ or ___ can convert NK cells to lymphokin activated killer cells that have potent anti-tumor activity
IL-2 or IFN-gamma
___ macrophages secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha that leads to an anti-tumor inflammatory environment
M1
___ macrophages or myeloid derived suppressor cells can actually promote tumor growth by inhibiting appropriate immune responses
M2
what cells are involved int he adaptive response in the induction fo anti-tumor response?
CD8 and CD4 T cells, and antigen presenting cells
the induction of CD8 responses in anti-tumor response requires ___
cross-priming
___ is released by CD8 T cells and causes lysis of the target
perforin
___ is released by CD8 T cells and causes apoptosis and osmotic lysis of the cell
granzymes
___ on the CD8 T cell and interact with ___ on the target cell, causing apoptosis of the target cell
- FasL
- Fas
high dose ___ therapy causes the induction of complete regresion of metastatic melanoma, but only works 5-10% of the time
IL-2
what are 6 types of tumor vaccines?
- killed tumor vaccine
- purified tumor antigens
- dendritic cell-based vaccines
- cytokine- and costimulator-enhanced vaccines
- DNA vaccines
- viral vectors
most cancer vaccines to date have been ___ rather than ___
therapeutic, prophylactic
what is adoptive cellular therapy?
- tumor bearing patient
- isolate lymphocytes from blood or tumor infiltrate
- expand lymphocutes by culture in IL-2
- transfer lymphocytes into patient, with or without systemic IL-2
- results in tumor regression
antibody therapy
___ and ___ inhibit T cell responses. blocking antibodies against these have been developed. recent clinical data indicate that delivery of antibodies against these has a high rate of ___.
- CTLA4
- PD1
- melanoma patient response
antibody therapy
___ can be blocked to eliminate transformed B cells
CD20
what are the 3 E’s (phases) of cancer immunoediting
- elimination - immune system is winning
- equilibrium - immune system is killing off as many tumor cells as are arising (0 sum gain)
- escape - tumor cells are winning
what cells are involved in the first phase of elimination, and what is produced?
- NKT cells, NK cells, gamma-delta T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
- IFN gamma is produced
what happens in the second phase of elimination
- IFN gamma causes some tumor cell death
- stimulates chemokine production from tumor cells
- some chemokines inhibit angiogenesis and may cause additional tumor killing
- tumor cell debris take up by dendritic cells and taken to lymph nodes
what happens during the third phase of elimination?
- NK cells and macrophages activate each other
- more tumor cells are killed
- induction of CD4 and CD8 T cells
what happens in the fourth phase of elimination?
- tumor specific CD4 and CD8 T cells attempt to destroy remaining antigen-bearing tumor cells
what happens during the equilibrium phase?
- any tumor variant that has survived elimination enters a dynamic equilibrium
- new variants arise that have increased resistance to immune attack
- equilibrium process may occur over a period of years
what happens during the escape phase?
- surviving tumor variants that have acquired insensitivity to immune detection/elimination begin to expand
- clinically observable malignant disease occurs
- may lead to death of host
angiostatic, direct cytotoxicity, and immune surveillance result in tumor ___, and involved what cells?
- regression
- NK/NKT, Th1, Th17
pro-angiogenic, tissue remodeling, and immune suppression lead to tumor ___, and involve which cells?
- progression
- Th17, B cell, Th2, Treg
myeloid derived suppressor cells activate what?
- Treg cells
- type II response
- macrophages
myeloid derived suppressor cells inhibit what?
- DCs
- CD8 and CD4 T cells
- NK cells
