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Host and Defense > EXAM 3 The Immune Response in Time and Space > Flashcards

EXAM 3 The Immune Response in Time and Space Flashcards

1
Q

describe the immune system at rest

A
  • barrier establishment and evolution
  • leukocyte proliferation
  • lymphocyte development
  • complement production and circulation
  • lymphocyte recirculation
  • pre-emptive immunity at mucosal surfaces
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2
Q

what are the 3 responses of the immune system during infection?

A
  • immediate innate response
  • induced innate response
  • adaptive immune response
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3
Q

what are the components of the immediate innate response?

A

antimicrobial peptides and complement

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4
Q

what are the components of the induced innate response

A
  • macrophage and dendritic cell activation
  • acute phase and interferon response
  • neutrphil infiltration
  • NK cell response
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5
Q

what are the components of the adaptive immune response

A
  • T cell activation and differentiation
  • B cell activation and differentiation
  • antibody production by plasma cells
  • CD8 T cell cytotoxicity
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6
Q

describe briefly the immune response in time and space

A
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7
Q

what are the epidermal and mucosal barriers that protect internal tissues?

A
  • epidermal - skin
  • mucosal - respiratory tract, urogenital tract, GI tract
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8
Q

___ are the sites of most immune system activity

A

barriers

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9
Q

how is initial immunity provided?

A

from the mother

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10
Q

___ produce antimicrobial peptides

A

barriers

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11
Q

what do antimicrobial peptides do?

A
  • destroy pathogens
  • select commensal communities
  • initiate inflammation
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12
Q

which 3 cells monitor tissue health? why is this important?

A
  • local macrophages, dendritic cells, and gamma-delta T cells
  • it is important because barriers (aka tissues) are sites of ongoing innate and adaptive immunity
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13
Q

what are the components of leukocyte proliferation and development?

A
  • positive and negative selection
  • differentiation
  • clonal expansion
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14
Q

___ maximizes the likelihood of antigen encounter

A

lymphocyte circulation

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15
Q

about how long does it take for a single lymphocyte to completely circulate?

A

24 hours

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16
Q

dendritic cells are probed by how many T cells per hour?

A

5000

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17
Q

most infections are stopped at ___ and ___ surfaces

A

epithelial and mucosal

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18
Q

___ immunity is recruited prior to pathogen entry

A

adaptive

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19
Q

adaptive immune cells are located at sites of ___

A

potential infection

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20
Q

describe how mucosal surfaces are shaped by ongoing immunity

A
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • IgA secretion
  • targeted killing
  • epithelial cell immunity
  • commensal competition
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21
Q

in mucosal immunity, what 3 things can trigger inflammatory response?

A

damage, severe infection, or established infection

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22
Q

which cells dependon positive and negative selection for differentiation and activation?

A

T and B cells

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23
Q

describe the steps of inflammation initiation

A
  1. tissue damage and bacteria cause resident sentinel cells to release chemoattractants and vasoactive factors that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability
  2. permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid (exudate) and cells
  3. neutrophils and other phagocytes migrate to site of inflammation
  4. phagocytes and antibacterial substances destroy bacteria
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24
Q

what are the components of pattern recognition in the initiation of inflammation

A
  • TLRs
  • complement
  • CD14 (LPS)
  • mannose receptor
  • SR-A/B
25
Q

what percentage of the lymphocyte population from the blood will enter lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus, and MALT?

A
  • lymph nodes - 42%
  • spleen - 45%
  • thymus - about 3%
  • MALT - 10%
26
Q

1 out of every ___ lymphocytes bind a presented antigen in a 24 hour period

27
Q

what are the timelines for the immediate innate immune response, induced innate immune response, and adaptive immune response?

A
  • immediate innate immune response - 0-4 hours
  • induced innate immune response - 4 hours to 4 days
  • adaptive immune response - 4 days until defeat of the pathogen, defeat of the host, or the truce of chronic disease
28
Q

how do macrophages promote an inflammatory response?

A
  • activated macrophage secretes a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have local and systemic (some) effects
  • IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL8, and IL-12
29
Q

___ sitmulate the liver acute phase response

A

inflammatory cytokines

30
Q

what is the function of the following acute phase proteins:

c-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein

A

pathogen recognition

31
Q

what is the function of the following acute-phase proteins:

complement components C3, C4, C9, and factor B

A

pathogen elimination

32
Q

what is the function of the following acute-phase proteins:

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, serum amyloid A, secreted phospholipase A2

A

inflammatory response

33
Q

what is the function of the following acute-phase proteins:

fibrinogen, plasminogen, tissue plasminogen factor

A

coagulation

34
Q

bacteria induce macrophages to produce ___, which acts on hepatocytes to induce synthesis of acute-phase proteins

A

IL-6 (inflammatory cytokine)

35
Q

what happens after hepatocytes synthesize acute phase proteins?

A

2 possibilities

  • C-reactive protein binds phosphocholine on bacterial surfaces, acting as an opsonin, and also activating complement
  • mannose-binding lectin binds mannose residues on bacterial surfaces, acting as an opsonin, and also activating complement
36
Q

what are the 3 killing mechanisms of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis, degranulation, NETs

37
Q

what is the interferon response?

A
  • occurs when infection establishes
  • virus infected cells secrete IFN-alpha and IFN-beta (this is the interferon response)
    • induce resistance to viral replication in all cells
    • increase expression of ligands for receptors on NK cells
    • activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
38
Q

what are the 3 ways activated NK cells destroy target tissues?

A
  • granule exocytosis pathway
  • death-receptor pathway
  • INF-gamma, nitric oxide
39
Q

what are the 3 main antigen presenting cells, and what is the 4th, less common one?

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
  3. B cells
  4. gamma delta cells (less common)
40
Q

what are 2 ways antigens enter lymph nodes?

A

they drain directly into lymph nodes or are carried into them

41
Q

T cell differentiation is dependent on what?

A

the pathogen that activated the antigen presenting cell

42
Q

B cells capture antigen from ___ and ___ cells

A

macrophages and follicular dendritic cells

43
Q

what molecule is expressed on FDCs and subcapsular sinus macrophages in lymph nodes, and functions to capture and display intact antigens?

44
Q

describe how B and T cells form cognate pairs at the follicle boundary

45
Q

how do Tfh cells aid in B cell activation?

A
  1. stimulate proliferation
  2. induce centroblast formation
  3. induce class switching and somatic hypermutation
  4. provide survival signals to FDC selected centroblasts
  5. induce plasma or memory cell differentiation
46
Q

B cells differentiate into plasma cells in ___ stages and places

47
Q

describe B cell differentiation into plasma cells

48
Q

in B cell differentiation into plasma cells, what occurs in the primary focus?

A

proliferation of IgM secreting B cells for several days drive by IL-5 and IL-6

49
Q

in B cell differentiation into plasma cells, what happens in the secondary focus?

A

B cells rapidly divide every 6 hours to form centroblasts and germinal centers driven by IL-6, IL-15, and BAFF

50
Q

plasma cells secrete ___ with ___ effector functions

A
  • antibodies
  • broad
51
Q

what are the effector functions of antibodies?

A
  • virus and toxin neutralization - prevents pathogen-host binding
  • opsonization - phagocytosis
  • complement fixation and formation of the MAC - phagocytosis or lysis
  • antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) - NK-induced apoptosis
52
Q

describe how CD8 T cells target and kill cells

A
  • CD8 T cell recognizes and binds virus infected cell
  • CD8 T cell programs target for death, inducing DNA fragmentation
  • CD8 T cell migrates to new target
  • target cell dies by apoptosis
  • *co-stimulation is not required, only TCR activation
53
Q

what are the proteins in granules of cytotoxic T cells?

A

perforin, granzymes, and granulysin

54
Q

what is the action of perforin on target cells?

A

aids in delivering contents of granules into the cytoplasm of target cell

55
Q

what is the action of granzymes on target cells

A

serine proteases, which activate apoptosis once in the cytoplasm of the target cell

56
Q

what is the action of granulysin on target cells?

A

has antimicrobial actions and can induce apoptosis

57
Q

how does the adaptive immune system improve with time with respect to B cells and T cells?

A
  • B cells
    • increased antibody concentration
    • improved antibody affinity
  • T cells
    • memory T cells
    • population expansion
    • persistence
58
Q

describe immune resolution and repair

A
  • inflammatory cytokine reduction
  • anti-inflammatory cytokines
  • Treg cell signaling and development
  • T cell CTLA4 expression

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