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Medical Terminology > Exam 3 - Chapter 14: Endocrine system (by term) > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 14: Endocrine system (by term) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

an internal state of equilibrium in the body

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2
Q

electrolyte

A

mineral salt that carries an electrical charge in solution

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3
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen (a starch form of sugar) into glucose

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4
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar that is the end result of carbohydrate digestion

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5
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that allow body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen

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6
Q

sympathomimetic

A

agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (such as epinepherine and norepinepherine)

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7
Q

pituitary gland

A

pea sized gland located at the back of the brain. Sometimes called the master gland due to the way it regulates so many body activities. This gland has two lobes.

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8
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

produces ADH and oxytocin

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9
Q

thyroid gland

A

the large, H-shaped organ just below the neck, composed of two large lobes separated by a strip of tissue called an isthmus

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10
Q

thyroid hormone (TH)

A

the body’s major metabolic hormone; increases the rate of oxygen consumption which in turn speeds up metabolism. Made up of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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11
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone that regulates calcium in the bloodstream; decreases the rate of calcium absorption from bones

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12
Q

ACTH

A

hormone produced in the adrenal cortex - promotes the secretion of corticosteriods; hyper secretion causes Cushing disease; secreted from the anterior pituitary

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13
Q

FSH

A

In females, stimulates egg production and increases the secretion of estrogen. In males, stimulates sperm production in the testes; secreted from the anterior pituitary

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14
Q

GH

A

Regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues. ; secreted from the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

LH

A

In females, promotes ovulation and stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone. In males, stimulates secretion of testosterone; secreted from the anterior pituitary

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16
Q

PRL (prolactin)

A

promotes lactation in females; secreted from the anterior pituitary

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17
Q

TSH

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones; secreted from the anterior pituitary

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18
Q

ADH

A

increases water reabsorption in the kidneys; secreted from the posterior pituitary

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19
Q

oxytocin

A

In females, promotes milk secretion from mammary glands and stimulates uterine contractions for labor; secreted from the posterior pituitary

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20
Q

parathyroid glands

A

glands located on the posterior lobes of the thyroid gland; secretes PTH which helps regulate calcium balance in the blood

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21
Q

PTH

A

causes bones to release calcium, intestines to absorb more calcium, and kidneys to increase calcium reabsorbtion

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22
Q

adrenal glands

A

paired glands that sit on top of the kidneys; divided into the cortex and the medulla

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23
Q

aldosterone

A

causes the kidneys to conserve sodium and to pass on potassium, which in turn increases water conservation by lowering urine output; secreted from the adrenal cortex

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24
Q

glucocorticoids

A

influences the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Cortisol is an example of this. Secreted from the adrenal cortex

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25
Q

sex hormones

A

androgens, estrogens, and progesterins help maintain secondary sex characterists like breasts in females and placement of body hair

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26
Q

epinephrine

A

also called adrenaline, this hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla acts to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and dilating airways.

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27
Q

pancreas

A

gland that’s inferior to the stomach and in the bend in the duodenum. Functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. Produces insulin and glucagon

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28
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin and glucagon

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29
Q

pineal gland

A

small, pine-cone shaped organ at the posterior portion of the brain that secrets melatonin; possibly inhibits the functions of the ovaries

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30
Q

adren/o

A

(1 of 2) combining form of “adrenal gland”

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31
Q

adrenal/o

A

(2 of 2) combining form of “adrenal gland”

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32
Q

calc/o

A

combining form of “calcium”

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33
Q

crin/o

A

combining form of “secrete”

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34
Q

gluc/o

A

(1 of 2) combining form of “sweetness” or “sugar”

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35
Q

glyc/o

A

(2 of 2) combining form of “sweetness” or “sugar”

36
Q

home/o

A

combining form of “same” or “alike”

37
Q

kal/i

A

combining form of “potassium”

38
Q

pancreat/o

A

combining form of “pancreas”

39
Q

parathyroid/o

A

combining form of “parathyroid gland”

40
Q

thym/o

A

combining form of “thymus gland”

41
Q

thyr/o

A

combining form of “thyroid gland”

42
Q

toxic/o

A

combining form of “poison”

43
Q

_crine

A

suffix for “secrete”

44
Q

_dipsia

A

suffix for “thirst”

45
Q

_gen

A

suffix for “forming” or “producing” or “origin”

46
Q

_toxic

A

suffix for “poison”

47
Q

_uria

A

suffix for “urine”

48
Q

eu-

A

prefix for “good” or “normal”

49
Q

exo-

A

prefix for “outside” or “outward”

50
Q

hyponatremia

A

abnormal condition of low sodium levels in the blood

51
Q

cretinism

A

a form of hypothyroidism that develops in infants. Leads to mental retardation, abnormal bone growth, low body temperatures.

52
Q

myxedema

A

hypothyroidism that develops during adulthood (as opposed to childhood, like in cretinism). Symptoms include edema, weight gain, sluggishness

53
Q

Graves disease

A

Form of hyperthyroidism; symptoms include weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness, emotional instability, and bulging eyes that come from swelling optical nerve tissue

54
Q

exophthalmos

A

condition of bulging eyeballs

55
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

insufficient production of PTH in the body; sometimes caused by too much calcium in the blood. This in turn may cause low blood calcium levels, which in turn can cause muscle spasms

56
Q

tetany

A

muscle spasms

57
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

too much production of PTH, often caused by a tumor on the thyroid

58
Q

adenoma

A

a benign glandular tumor

59
Q

von Recklinghausen disease

A

condition of tumors growing on nerve endings, sometimes caused by excessive calcium in the blood

60
Q

Addison disease

A

disease caused by a lack of cortical hormones, usually occurs when the adrenal cortex is damaged or impaired. Symptoms include low blood sodium and high blood potassium, excessive urination to the point of being dehydrated

61
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

symptoms that come from excessive amounts of cortisol, ACTH, or both. Symptoms include thin extremities, thinning hair, easy bruising, slow wound healing, purple striae, increased body and facial hair,

62
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

condition of impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin properly. Symptoms include constant urination, abnormal thirst and hunger, and irritability

63
Q

polydipsia

A

extreme thirst

64
Q

polyphagia

A

extreme hunger

65
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Condition where the body does not produce enough insulin. Typically diagnosed in young children and teenagers. Treated with exercise, insulin, and careful monitoring of blood glucose

66
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Condition where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body is resistant to the effects of insulin. Risk factors include a family history of obesity or diabetes. Treatments include exercise, weight loss, diet, and insulin.

67
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancer of an endocrine gland

68
Q

acromegaly

A

Rare hormonal disorder in adulthood often caused by a GH-secreting pituitary tumor; promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal

69
Q

diuresis

A

increased formation and secretion of urine

70
Q

glycosuria

A

abnormal amount of glucose in the urine

71
Q

hypercalcemia

A

condition where blood calcium levels are too high

72
Q

hyperkalemia

A

condition where blood potassium levels are too high

73
Q

hypervolemia

A

abnormal increase of blood volume, typically caused by abnormally high levels of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys

74
Q

insulinoma

A

a tumor in the Isles of Langerhans in the pancreas

75
Q

morbid obesity

A

having a BMI index of 40 or greater

76
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

77
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

small cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla that causes elevated heart rate and blood issues

78
Q

thyroid storm

A

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone

79
Q

virilism

A

masculinization or development of male characteristics in a woman

80
Q

exophthalmometry

A

measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball

81
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

82
Q

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumor through an incision at the back of the nose without disturbing brain tissue

83
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland

84
Q

fasting blood sugar

A

test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours

85
Q

glucose tolerance test

A

screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

86
Q

insulin tolerance test

A

diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein to assess pituitary function, adrenal function, and to detemine insulin sensitivity

Medical Terminology (26 decks)

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