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Medical Terminology > Exam 2 - Chapter 6: Digestive System (by term) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 6: Digestive System (by term) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells to later be excreted in feces (i.e. destroyed red blood cells)

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2
Q

bolus

A

chewed food ready to be swallowed, but not digested

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3
Q

exocrine

A

the type of gland that secrets its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

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4
Q

sphincter

A

circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

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5
Q

triglycerides

A

organic compound, a true fat, made from one glycerol and three fatty acids

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6
Q

oral cavity

A

another name for the mouth

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7
Q

bucca

A

cheeks

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8
Q

gingiva

A

gums in the mouth

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9
Q

deglutition

A

a fancy word for swallowing

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10
Q

papillae

A

the technical term for taste buds

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11
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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12
Q

epiglottis

A

a small flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing

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13
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

sphincter at the top of the stomach that constrict once food has passed into the stomach

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14
Q

body (of the stomach)

A

the large central portion of the stomach

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15
Q

fundus

A

the upper portion of the stomach

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16
Q

pylorus

A

the funnel-shaped end portion of the stomach where most of digestion takes place

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17
Q

rugae

A

folds in the stomach lining that gradually unfold as the stomach fills; also houses HCl glands

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18
Q

chyme

A

bolus that’s been mixed with stomach digestive juices

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19
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of fibrous muscle that separates the lower part of the stomach from the small intestine

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20
Q

peristaltis

A

coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions that move matter through the digestive tract

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21
Q

duodenum

A

the uppermost part of the small intestines (about 10 inches long)

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22
Q

jejunum

A

middle part of the small intestine; measures about 8 feet long

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23
Q

ileum

A

final part of the small intestine before it continues to the large intestine; is about 12 feet long

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24
Q

villi

A

microscopic fingerlike projections in the intestine that absorb nutrients

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25
Q

ileocecal valve

A

muscle at the end of the small intestine that allows undigested and absorbed material from the small intestine to move to the large intestine

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26
Q

cecum

A

the first 2 or 3 inches of the large intestine

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27
Q

ascending colon

A

extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver and turns abruptly to form the hepatic flexure

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28
Q

hepatic flexure

A

structure between the ascending colon and the transverse colon

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29
Q

splenic flexure

A

area of the large intestine that curves around the spleen and into the descending colon

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30
Q

descending colon

A

area of the large intestine where the transverse colon moves downward

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31
Q

sigmoid colon

A

area of the large intestine that connects to the rectum

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32
Q

rectum

A

final portion of the colon that connects to the anus

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33
Q

endocrine

A

gland that secrets directly into the bloodstream

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34
Q

common bile duct

A

pathway that the gallbladder secretes bile through into the duodenum

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35
Q

hepatic duct

A

composed of two ducts (left and right) that allow bile to be drained from the liver

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36
Q

cystic duct

A

duct that merges with the hepatic duct

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37
Q

or/o

A

mouth (combining form)

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38
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth (combining form)

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39
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue (combining form)

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40
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue (combining form)

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41
Q

bucc/o

A

check (combining form)

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42
Q

cheil/o

A

lip (combining form)

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43
Q

labi/o

A

lip (combining form)

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44
Q

dent/o

A

teeth (combining form)

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45
Q

odont/o

A

teeth (combining form)

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46
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums (combining form)

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47
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland (combining form)

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48
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus (combining form)

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49
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (combining form)

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50
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach (combining form)

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51
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus (combining form)

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52
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum, first part of the small intestine (combining form)

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53
Q

enter/o

A

intestine (combining form)

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54
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum, second part of the small intestine (combining form)

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55
Q

ile/o

A

ileum, third part of the small intestine (combining form)

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56
Q

append/o

A

appendix (combining form)

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57
Q

appendic/o

A

appendix (combining form)

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58
Q

col/o

A

colon (combining form)

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59
Q

colon/o

A

colon (combining form)

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60
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon (combining form)

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61
Q

rect/o

A

rectum (combining form)

62
Q

proct/o

A

anus, rectum (combining form)

63
Q

an/o

A

anus (combining form)

64
Q

hepat/o

A

liver (combining form)

65
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas (combining form)

66
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile vessel (combining form)

67
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall (combining form)

68
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder (combining form)

69
Q

choledoch/o

A

bile duct

70
Q

-emesis

A

vomit (suffix)

71
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition (suffix)

72
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement (suffix)

73
Q

-orexia

A

appetite (suffix)

74
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion (suffix)

75
Q

-phagia

A

swallowing, eating (suffix)

76
Q

-prandial

A

meal (suffix)

77
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge, flow (suffix)

78
Q

dia-

A

through, across (prefix)

79
Q

peri-

A

around (prefix)

80
Q

sub-

A

under, below (prefix)

81
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A

a disease consisting of ulcers on mucous membranes in the stomach, duodenum, and occasionally in the lower esophagus

82
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the mucous membranes of the colon, typically taking place in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward (sometimes into the entire colon). Symptoms include watery, bloody diarrhea

83
Q

strangulated hernia

A

abnormal condition when a piece of intestine protrudes through the muscle wall and has its bloodflow cut off through pressure; gangrene can result

84
Q

hernioplasty

A

surgical repair of a hernia

85
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

suturing up of a hernia

86
Q

(mechanical) intestinal obstruction

A

occurs when intestinal contents are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen

87
Q

(nonmechanical) intestinal obstruction

A

occurs when peristalsis fails to move digestive content through the intestines

88
Q

volvolus

A

intestinal twisting

89
Q

hepatitis A

A

inflammatory condition of the liver, this type is typically infectious and transmitted orally, sexually, and through body fluid contact

90
Q

hepatitis B

A

inflammatory condition of the liver, this type is typically transmitted via body fluid or sexual contact. There is a vaccine available.

91
Q

hepatitis C

A

inflammatory condition of the liver, this type is typically transmitted via body fluid or sexual contact. There is no cure.

92
Q

diverticulosis

A

small, blisterlike pockets develop in the innermost lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall. Symptoms include abdominal pain, constipation, or sometimes bloody diarrhea

93
Q

gastric adenocarcenoma

A

cancerous glandular tumor generally found in the mucosal lining of the stomach or intestines

94
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

generic term for cancer of the GI tract

95
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite

96
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease

97
Q

borborygmus

A

stomach growling

98
Q

cachexia

A

physical wasting away typically associated with AIDS and cancer patients

99
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallblader or bile duct

100
Q

cirrhosis

A

scarring and dysfunction of the liver due to chronic liver disease

101
Q

colic

A

spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

102
Q

Chron disease

A

form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum but can be of any part of the intestinal tract. Characterized by inflammatory pattern and cramping, diarrhea, and weight loss

103
Q

dysentery

A

inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, caused by ingesting contaminated water

104
Q

dysphagia

A

inability or trouble swallowing

105
Q

eructation

A

burping

106
Q

fecalith

A

fecal concretion; fecal matter compressed into a hard stone

107
Q

flatus

A

farting

108
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the esophagus

109
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

110
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function; contributing factors include anxiety and stress

111
Q

melena

A

passage of dark colored, tarry stools due to the presence of blood altered by digestive juices

112
Q

obstipation

A

severe constipation, sometimes caused by internal obstruction

113
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membranes of the lips, cheek, or tongue caused by irritation

114
Q

peristalsis

A

progressive, wavelike movements of the hollow tubes of the body meant to move contents forward

115
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, causes obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

116
Q

steatorrhea

A

passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it

117
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

insertion of nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach for a variety of reasons (food, medication, etc)

118
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments; can be ileorectal or intestinal

119
Q

bariatric surgery

A

group of procedures meant to treat morbid obesity

120
Q

lithotripsy

A

procedure for crushing a stone and removing its fragments, either surgically or through ultrasonic waves

121
Q

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

A

use of shock waves specifically to noninvasively break up stones in the gall bladder or biliary ducts

122
Q

pyloromyotomy

A

incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus; used to treat pyloric stenosis

123
Q

hepatitis panel

A

panel of blood tests to identify which hepatitis virus a patient has

124
Q

serum bilirubin

A

measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

125
Q

stool guaiac

A

test that applies a tree extract to fecal matter to detect hidden blood

126
Q

computed tomography (CT scan)

A

imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

127
Q

lower gastrointestinal series

A

barium enema followed by radiographic images of the rectum and colon

128
Q

oral cholecystography (OCG)

A

radiographic images taken of the gallblader after administration of contrast material, typically containing iodine

129
Q

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts

130
Q

sialography

A

radiologic examination of salivary glands and ducts

131
Q

upper gastrointestinal series

A

barium administration followed by radiographic images of the small intestine, sometimes called a barium swallow

132
Q

antiemetics

A

nausea control medication

133
Q

Ba (abbreviation)

A

Barium (abbreviation)

134
Q

BaE

A

barium enema (abbreviation)

135
Q

CT

A

computed tomography (abbreviation)

136
Q

EGD (abbreviation)

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (abbreviation)

137
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave

138
Q

EUS

A

endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies) (abbreviation)

139
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (abbreviation)

140
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus (abbreviation)

141
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus (abbreviation)

142
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus (abbreviation)

143
Q

LFT

A

liver function test (abbreviation)

144
Q

MRCP

A

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (abbreviation)

145
Q

NG

A

nasogastric (abbreviation)

146
Q

OCG

A

oral cholecystography (abbreviation)

147
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease (abbreviation)

148
Q

R/O

A

rule out (abbreviation)

149
Q

UGIS

A

upper gastrointestinal tract (abbreviation)

150
Q

US

A

ultrasound (abbreviation)

Medical Terminology (26 decks)

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