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Medical Terminology > Exam 2 - Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System (by term) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System (by term) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis

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2
Q

leaflet

A

small flat structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backward flow of blood

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3
Q

lumen

A

tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body, space within an artery, vein, or intestine

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4
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow

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5
Q

vasodialation

A

widening of the lumen caused by the relaxing of muscles or cell walls

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6
Q

arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to all cells of the body

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7
Q

tunica externa

A

outer covering of the arteries made from connective tissue; provides strength and flexibility

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8
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of the arteries, made from smooth muscle; contraction and dilation responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodialation

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9
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost layer of the arteries, made of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the blood vessel

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10
Q

arterioles

A

smaller forms of the arteries that lead into the capillaries

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11
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system. Only one single cell layer thick, enabling the exchange of gasses and waste from cell to bloodstream

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12
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

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13
Q

venules

A

smaller forms of the veins that develop from the union of capillaries

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14
Q

valves

A

small structures inside of veins that prevent the backward flow of blood

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15
Q

pericardium

A

the sac surrounding the heart, consists of three layers

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16
Q

endocardium

A

a serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valve and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins

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17
Q

myocardium

A

the muscular layer of the heart

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18
Q

epicardium

A

the outermost layer of the heart

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19
Q

superior vena cava

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body

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20
Q

infeior vena cava

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body

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21
Q

pulmonary artery

A

left and right arteries by which the blood leaves the right ventricle

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22
Q

pulmonic valve

A

prevents blood regurgitation into the right ventricle after its expelled from the heart

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23
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated from the lungs back to the heart and into the left atrium

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24
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

valve in the heart consisting of two leaflets; sits at the left ventricle

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25
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

valve in the aorta that prevents blood from going back into the heart

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26
Q

coronary arteries

A

left and right arteries that supply the heart with its own oxygen

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27
Q

sinoatrial node

A

the pacemaker; portion of the heart that possesses its own rhythm, initiates and propagates each heartbeat without being stimulated by external nerves

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28
Q

atrioventricular node

A

node stimulated by heartbeat that causes the atria to contract

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29
Q

bundle of His (AV bundle)

A

tract of conductive fibers that relays the heartbeat to the Purkinje fibers

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30
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

conductive fibers that transmit the heartbeat signals and cause the ventricles to contract

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31
Q

electrocardiograph

A

instrument that reads the skin for the weak electrical pulses of heart contractions

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32
Q

P wave

A

portion of an electrocardiograph that measures the depolarization (contraction) of the atria

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33
Q

QRS complex

A

portion of an electrocardiograph that measures the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles

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34
Q

T wave

A

portion of an electrocardiograph that shows the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles

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35
Q

blood pressure

A

the force exterted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of heartbeat, systole and diastole

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36
Q

systole

A

portion of a blood pressure reading when blood is forced out of the heart

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37
Q

diastole

A

portion of blood pressure when the ventricles are filling with blood

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38
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

tool used to measure blood pressure

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39
Q

aneurysm/o

A

combining form of “widened blood vessel”

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40
Q

angi/o

A

combining form of “vessel,” but can mean a blood vessel or a lymph node vessel

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41
Q

vascul/o

A

combining form of “blood vessel”

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42
Q

aort/o

A

combining form of “aorta”

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43
Q

arteri/o

A

combining form of “artery”

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44
Q

arteriol/o

A

combining form of “arteriole”

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45
Q

atri/o

A

combining form of “atrium”

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46
Q

ather/o

A

combining form of “fatty plaque”

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47
Q

coron/o

A

combining form of “heart”

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48
Q

electr/o

A

combining form of “electricity”

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49
Q

embol/o

A

combining form of “embolus” or plug

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50
Q

hemangi/o

A

combining form of “blood vessel”

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51
Q

my/o

A

combining form of “muscle”

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52
Q

phleb/o

A

combining form of “vein”

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53
Q

ven/o

A

combining form of “vein”

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54
Q

scler/o

A

combining form of “hardening”

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55
Q

sphygm/o

A

combining form of “pulse”

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56
Q

sten/o

A

combining form of “narrowing”

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57
Q

thromb/o

A

combining form of “blood clot”

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58
Q

valv/o or valvul/o

A

combining form of “valve”

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59
Q

vas/o

A

combining form of “vessel” and also “duct”

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60
Q

ventricul/o

A

combining form of “ventricle”

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61
Q

-cardia

A

suffix for “heart condition”

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62
Q

-gram

A

suffix for “recording” or “writing”

63
Q

-graph

A

suffix for “instrument of recording”

64
Q

-graphy

A

suffix for “process of recording”

65
Q

-stenosis

A

suffix for “narrowing”

66
Q

angina

A

chest pain, generally caused by inadequate bloodflow to the myocardium

67
Q

dyspnea

A

breathing difficulty

68
Q

arrhythmia

A

heartbeat irregularity

69
Q

syncope

A

loss of consciousness

70
Q

ateriosclerosis

A

progressive disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thick, and brittle. Often caused by the buildup of fatty plaque

71
Q

embolus

A

a dislodged piece of fatty plaque (thrombus) in the bloodstream

72
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot made of fatty plaque

73
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

above normal fat levels in the blood

74
Q

endarterectomy

A

procedure where a surgeon opens a blocked artery and removes the blocking material

75
Q

coronary artery disease

A

any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary artery to supply blood to the myocardium

76
Q

diaphoresus

A

intense sweating

77
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves

78
Q

vegetation

A

small masses in the heart formed of platelets, fibrin, and bacteria

79
Q

varicose veins

A

enlarged, engorged, and twisted superficial veins

80
Q

myxoma

A

cancerous growth composed of mucous connective tissue on the heart

81
Q

aneurysm

A

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

82
Q

fibrillation

A

arrhythmia in where there is an abnormally rapid quivering of the myocardium

83
Q

heart block

A

condition where there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

84
Q

atherosclerosis

A

deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrow the lumen in the arteries

85
Q

bruit

A

soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation; the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction

86
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease or weakening of the heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

87
Q

coarctation

A

narrowing of a blood vessel, especially the aorta

88
Q

embolism

A

condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) gets lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow

89
Q

infarction

A

localized tissue necrosis due to blocked blood supply

90
Q

ischemia

A

local temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction

91
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

structural deficit in which the mitral valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during systole contraction

92
Q

palpitation

A

sensation of an irregular heartbeat

93
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs

94
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs at the site of formation

95
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

96
Q

defibrillation

A

electrical shock delivered randomly during cardiac cycle to treat emergency or life-threatening arrhythmias

97
Q

cardioversion

A

defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat arrhythmia, typically synchronized with the R waves of an ECG

98
Q

sclerotherapy

A

injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

99
Q

thrombolysis

A

destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters

100
Q

angioplasty

A

any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow

101
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

a balloon is inserted into the coronary artery to enlarge the lumen of the blocked artery and restore blood flow

102
Q

biopsy

A

removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes

103
Q

catheter ablation

A

treatment for cardiac arrhythmia; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance

104
Q

commissurotomy

A

surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve that have fused together at some point

105
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

106
Q

embolectomy

A

removal of the embolus (any mass moving through the vascular channels)

107
Q

endarterectomy

A

removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting device

108
Q

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

A

a small battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia by sending electrical impulses into the heart

109
Q

laser ablation

A

procedure using heated lasers to treat varicose veins

110
Q

valvotomy

A

incision on a valve to increase the size of the opening, used in treating mitral stenosis

111
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

passing a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

112
Q

lipid panel

A

series of blood tests that look for fat content in the blood

113
Q

angiography

A

radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast medium

114
Q

aortography

A

angiography of the aorta and its branches after the injection of a contrast medium

115
Q

coronary angiography

A

radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast medium to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

116
Q

magnetic resonance angiography

A

type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels

117
Q

multiple-gated acquisition scan

A

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and also calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump in one contraction)

118
Q

nuclear perfusion study

A

test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing obstruction; also called thallium scan or cardiolite scan

119
Q

venography

A

radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction

120
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

blood pressure lowering medication that functions by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

121
Q

beta-blockers

A

medication that blocks the effect of adrenaline and decreases the heart rate

122
Q

calcium channel blocker

A

block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

123
Q

nitrates

A

medication that dilates the vessels of the heart and causes an increased amount of oxygen to be delivered to the myocardium, also widens other blood vessels in the body.

124
Q

statins

A

medication that lowers cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

125
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

126
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

127
Q

AFib

A

atrial fibrillation

128
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

129
Q

AS

A

aortic stenosis

130
Q

ASHD

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease

131
Q

CA

A

cardiac arrest

132
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

133
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

134
Q

CC

A

cardiac catheterization

135
Q

CHD

A

coronary heart disease

136
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase

137
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

138
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

139
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiogram

140
Q

EKG

A

electrocardiogram

141
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram

142
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

143
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein

144
Q

LA

A

left atrium

145
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

146
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiogram

147
Q

MUGA scan

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

148
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

149
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

150
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

151
Q

RA

A

right atrium

152
Q

RV

A

right ventricle

153
Q

SA

A

sinoatrial

154
Q

US

A

ultrasound

Medical Terminology (26 decks)

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