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Medical Terminology > Exam 3 - Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal System (by definition) > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal System (by definition) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

any part of the body attached to the main structure

A

appendage

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2
Q

place of union between two or more bones, also called a joint

A

articulation

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3
Q

Latticelike arrangement of bony plates occuring at the ends of long bones

A

cacellous

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4
Q

ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles

A

cruciate ligaments

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5
Q

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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6
Q

small contractile cells that make up muscle tissue

A

fibers

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7
Q

also called voluntary or striated muscles, these are muscles under voluntary control. Examples include the muscles that move the eyeballs and tongue

A

skeletal muscles

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8
Q

found only in the heart, this type of muscle makes up most of the wall in the heart. It’s striated, but it produces rhythmic and involuntary contractions

A

cardiac muscle

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9
Q

also called involuntary or visceral muscles, these are muscles whose actions are involuntary and are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle

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10
Q

when a fibrous attachment to a bone spans a large area of the bone

A

aponeurosis

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11
Q

When connective tissue fibers form a cord or a strap

A

tendon

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12
Q

flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains

A

ligament

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13
Q

moving an appendage into the midline of the body

A

adduction

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14
Q

moving an appendage away from the midline of the body

A

abduction

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15
Q

the action of decreasing the angle of a joint

A

flexion

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16
Q

the action of increasing the angle of a joint

A

extension

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17
Q

to turn the palm downward

A

pronation

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18
Q

the turn the palm upward

A

supination

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19
Q

moving the sole of the foot inward

A

inversion

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20
Q

moving the sole of the foot outward

A

eversion

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21
Q

elevating the foot, pointing the foot upward

A

dorsiflexion

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22
Q

lowering the foot, pointing the foot downward

A

plantar flexion

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23
Q

the production of blood cells inside the bone marrow

A

hematopoesis

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24
Q

type of bone that’s often cube-shaped. Examples include wrists and toes

A

short bones

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25
Q

bones that cannot be classified as short or long due to their complex shapes

A

Irregular bones

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26
Q

bones found in the appendages, such as legs and arms.

A

long bones

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27
Q

the long, main portion of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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28
Q

forms the long cylindrical outer covering of a long bone

A

compact bone

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29
Q

spongy bone at the core of a short bone

A

cancellous bone

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30
Q

the central canal inside of a bone that hold the yellow marrow; consists mainly of fat and blood cells

A

medullary cavity

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31
Q

the end of a long bone closest to the center of the body

A

proximal epiphysis

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32
Q

the end of a long bone farthest to the center of the body

A

distal epiphysis

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33
Q

type of elastic connective tissue that covers an epiphysis such that movement is smooth for joints

A

articular cartilage

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34
Q

the substance that makes up the interior material of an epiphysis

A

spongy bone

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35
Q

a bone-forming cell

A

osteoblast

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36
Q

three main regions: the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column

A

The axial skeleton is divided into ____ main regions, which are…?

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37
Q

a large, irregularly shaped and non-articulating process found only on the femur

A

trochanter

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38
Q

a small, round process on a bone

A

tubercle

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39
Q

the rounded articulating head of a bone, kob-shaped

A

condyle

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40
Q

prominent, rounded articulating head of a bone

A

head

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41
Q

rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves, like the opening in the skull through which cranial nerves pass

A

foramen

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42
Q

a narrow, slit-like opening in the bone

A

fissure

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43
Q

a cavity or a hollow space inside a bone

A

sinus

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44
Q

the unossified membrane or soft spot that appears on an infant’s head between the cranial bones

A

fontanel

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45
Q

combining form for stiffness, can also mean bent or crooked

A

ankyl/o

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46
Q

combining form of “joint”

A

arthr/o

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47
Q

combining form of “humpback”

A

kyph/o

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48
Q

combining form of “lamina,” the part of the vertibral arch

A

lamin/o

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49
Q

combining form of “curve” or “swayback”

A

lord/o

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50
Q

combining form of either “bone marrow” or “spinal cord” depending on the context

A

myel/o

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51
Q

combining form of “straight”

A

orth/o

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52
Q

combining form of “bone”

A

oste/o

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53
Q

combining form of “foot” and also “child”

A

ped/o

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54
Q

combining form of “crooked” or “bent”

A

scoli/o

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55
Q

combining form of “chest”

A

thorac/o

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56
Q

combining form of “acromion” which is a projection of the scapula

A

acromi/o

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57
Q

combining form of “arm”

A

brachi/o

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58
Q

combining form of “calcaneum” which is the heel bone

A

calcane/o

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59
Q

combining form of “carpus” which is the wrist bone

A

carp/o

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60
Q

combining form of “head”

A

cephal/o

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61
Q

combining form of “neck” but also the cervix as well

A

cervic/o

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62
Q

combining form of “clavicle” or collar bone

A

clavicul/o

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63
Q

combining form of “ribs”

A

cost/o

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64
Q

combining form of “skull”

A

crani/o

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65
Q

combining form of “fingers” or “toes”

A

dactyl/o

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66
Q

combining form of “femur”

A

femor/o

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67
Q

combining form of “fibula”

A

fibul/o

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68
Q

combining form of “humerus”

A

humer/o

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69
Q

combining form of “ilium” which is the flaring portion of the hip bone

A

ili/o

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70
Q

combining form of “ischium” which is the lower portion of the hip bone

A

ischi/o

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71
Q

combining form of “loins” though specifically the lower back portion

A

lumb/o

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72
Q

combining form of “metacarpus” or the hand bones

A

metacarp/o

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73
Q

combining form of “metatarsus” or the foot bones

A

metatars/o

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74
Q

combining form of “patella” or kneecap

A

patell/o

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75
Q

combining form of “pelvis”

A

pelv/i

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76
Q

combining form of “phalanges” or finger bones

A

phalang/o

77
Q

combining form of “foot”

A

pod/o

78
Q

combining form of “pelvis bone”

A

pub/o

79
Q

combining form of “radiation”

A

radi/o

80
Q

one of two combining forms of “vertebrae”

A

spondyl/o

81
Q

one of two combining forms of “vertebrae”

A

vertebr/o

82
Q

combining form of “sternum”

A

stern/o

83
Q

combining form of “tibia”

A

tibi/o

84
Q

combining form of “smooth muscle”

A

leiomy/o

85
Q

one of two combining form of “muscle”

A

muscul/o

86
Q

one of two combining forms of “muscle”

A

my/o

87
Q

combining form of “rod-shaped” or striated

A

rhabd/o

88
Q

combining form of “rod shaped striated muscle”

A

rhabdomy/o

89
Q

combining form of “cartilage”

A

chrond/o

90
Q

combining form of “band” or “fascia”

A

fasci/o

91
Q

combining form of “fiber” or “fibrous tissue”

A

fibr/o

92
Q

combining form of “synovial membrane” or “synovial fluid”

A

synov/o

93
Q

one of three combining forms of “tendon”

A

ten/o

94
Q

one of three combining forms of “tendon”

A

tend/o

95
Q

one of three combining forms of “tendon”

A

tendin/o

96
Q

suffix for “weakness” or “debility”

A

-asthenia

97
Q

suffix for “embryonic cell”

A

-blast

98
Q

suffix for “to break” or “surgical fracture” (there are two)

A

-clasia

99
Q

suffix for “to break” or “surgical fracture” (there are two)

A

-clast

100
Q

suffix for “binding” or “fixation of a bone or joint”

A

-desis

101
Q

suffix for “softening”

A

-malacia

102
Q

suffix for “growth”

A

-physis

103
Q

suffix for “porous”

A

-porosis

104
Q

suffix for “malignant tumor of connective tissue”

A

-sarcoma

105
Q

suffix for “visual examination”

A

-scopy

106
Q

prefix for “together” or “joined”

A

syn-

107
Q

the stiffening and immobility of a joint as the result of a disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

A

ankylosis

108
Q

deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe

A

bunion (hallux valgus)

109
Q

painful condition resulting from the compression of the median nerve within the wrist canal that holds the flexor tendons

A

carpal tunnel syndrom

110
Q

lameness, limping

A

claudication

111
Q

fibrosis of the connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents joint mobility

A

contracture

112
Q

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing up against each other, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

A

crepitation

113
Q

a sudden increase in the severity of symptoms, sometimes called a “flare”

A

exacerbation

114
Q

a filled tumor that develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands, but may also appear in the feet

A

ganglion cyst

115
Q

effusion of blood into a joint cavity

A

hemarthrosis

116
Q

a rupture of a vertebral disk’s center through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal, with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness

A

herniated disk

117
Q

loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

A

hypotonia

118
Q

malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

A

multiple myeloma

119
Q

the perceived sensation that a limb is still present following its amputation

A

phantom limb

120
Q

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets

121
Q

fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from the surrounding tissue

A

sequestrum

122
Q

any slipping of the vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

A

spondylolisthesis

123
Q

tearing of a ligament or tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

A

sprain

124
Q

Muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch

A

strain

125
Q

partial or incomplete dislocation

A

subluxation

126
Q

congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side, also called “clubfoot”

A

talipes equinovarus

127
Q

use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them

A

electromyography

128
Q

a procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

A

reduction

129
Q

a procedure in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

A

closed reduction

130
Q

a procedure in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery

A

open reduction

131
Q

procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

A

bone immobilization

132
Q

bone immobilization by placing a solid, stiff dressing around the area with plaster of Paris or other similar material

A

casting

133
Q

bone immobilization by applying an orthopedic device to the injured part

A

splinting

134
Q

bone immobilization using weights and pullies to align or immobilize a fracture

A

traction

135
Q

partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease

A

amputation

136
Q

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove the accumulated fluid

A

arthrocentesis

137
Q

surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

A

arthroclasia

138
Q

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible arthroscope

A

arthroscopy

139
Q

implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body, or possibly from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone

A

bone grafting

140
Q

excision of the bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

A

bursectomy

141
Q

excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

A

laminectomy

142
Q

replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute (like a peg leg)

A

prosthesis fitting

143
Q

any surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prosthesis

A

revision surgery

144
Q

excision of a segment of necrosed bone

A

sequestrectomy

145
Q

excision of a synovial membrane

A

synovectomy

146
Q

series of radiographs taken after injection of a contract material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

A

arthrography

147
Q

Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm

A

bone density test

148
Q

radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures through the injection of a contrast medium

A

discography

149
Q

radiography of the five lumbar vertibrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, laterial, and oblique views of the lower spine

A

lumbosacral spinal radiography

150
Q

radiography of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium to study spinal distortions caused by cysts, herniated disks, or lesions

A

myelography

151
Q

nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

A

scintigraphy

152
Q

treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system

A

gold salts

153
Q

relieves mild to moderate pain and reduces inflammation (aspirin)

A

salicylates

154
Q

medication to relive muscle spasms and stiffness

A

muscle relaxants

155
Q

where a bone has broken but no open wound exists

A

closed fracture

156
Q

a broken bone where an open wound exists

A

open fracture

157
Q

when a broken bone injures an internal organ

A

complicated fracture

158
Q

where a bone breaks and splits into pieces

A

comminuted fracture

159
Q

when a bone is broken and wedges into the interior of another bone

A

impacted fracture

160
Q

when the line of a break does not completely transverse the entire bone

A

incomplete fracture

161
Q

when the fracture doesn’t extend through the entire thickness of the bone, like when one side of the bone is fractured and the other side is bent

A

greenstick fracture

162
Q

a break at the lower end of the radius, often just above the wrist. Typically happens when someone extends their hands out to catch a fall

A

Colles fracture

163
Q

fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment

A

hairline fracture

164
Q

bone break caused by a disease process such as neoplasm or osteoperosis

A

pathological (spontaneous) fracture

165
Q

bone infection

A

osteomyelitis

166
Q

bacteria in the blood stream, sometimes called “blood poisoning”

A

bacteremia

167
Q

bone death

A

sequestrium

168
Q

removal of dead bone

A

sequestrectomy

169
Q

chronic inflammation of the bones resulting in thickening and softening of bone matter

A

Paget disease

170
Q

common bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in women over 60, starts as a decrease in bone mineral density that eventually lead to microscopic fractures

A

osteoperosis

171
Q

decrease in bone density

A

osteopenia

172
Q

a condition causing a crooked, s-shaped spine

A

scoliosis

173
Q

commonly called “hunchback”

A

kyphosis

174
Q

sometimes called “swayback,” it’s when the lower back curves in unnaturally

A

lordosis

175
Q

a general term for many joint diseases; inflammation of a joint accompanied by pain, swelling, and changes in structure

A

arthritis

176
Q

systematic disease of the joints that causes pain and swelling, caused by immune system attacking the joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

177
Q

sometimes referred to as degenerative joint disease; a progressive degeneration of the cartilage in the joints

A

osteoarthritis

178
Q

joint enlargement typically seen in cases of osteoarthritis

A

Herben nodes

179
Q

the accumulation of uric acid cystals in the blood which deposit near joints and soft tissue, very painful

A

gout

180
Q

genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle dissue

A

muscular dystrophy

181
Q

form of muscular dystrophy that affects children, boys more than girls; a sex linked disease; most children die before 30

A

Duchenne dystrophy

182
Q

neuromuscular disorder causing fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups (eyes, face, and sometimes limbs). Characterized by acetylcholine receptor destruction

A

myasthenia gravis

183
Q

form of bone cancer that arises directly in the bone

A

primary bone cancer

184
Q

form of bone cancer that arises somewhere else and spreads to the bone

A

secondary bone cancer

185
Q

malignancy that originates from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, or lymphatic system cells

A

sarcoma

186
Q

malignancy that develops in the cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders

A

Fibrosarcoma

187
Q

malignancy that develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs

A

Osteosarcoma

188
Q

malignancy that develops in the primitive nerve cells in bone marrow

A

Ewing sarcoma

Medical Terminology (26 decks)

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