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Medical Terminology > Exam 2 - Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System (by definition) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System (by definition) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis

A

autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

small flat structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backward flow of blood

A

leaflet

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3
Q

tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body, space within an artery, vein, or intestine

A

lumen

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4
Q

narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow

A

vasoconstriction

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5
Q

widening of the lumen caused by the relaxing of muscles or cell walls

A

vasodialation

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6
Q

carry blood from the heart to all cells of the body

A

arteries

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7
Q

outer covering of the arteries made from connective tissue; provides strength and flexibility

A

tunica externa

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8
Q

middle layer of the arteries, made from smooth muscle; contraction and dilation responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodialation

A

tunica media

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9
Q

innermost layer of the arteries, made of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the blood vessel

A

tunica intima

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10
Q

smaller forms of the arteries that lead into the capillaries

A

arterioles

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11
Q

microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system. Only one single cell layer thick, enabling the exchange of gasses and waste from cell to bloodstream

A

capillaries

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12
Q

return blood to the heart

A

veins

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13
Q

smaller forms of the veins that develop from the union of capillaries

A

venules

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14
Q

small structures inside of veins that prevent the backward flow of blood

A

valves

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15
Q

the sac surrounding the heart, consists of three layers

A

pericardium

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16
Q

a serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valve and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins

A

endocardium

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17
Q

the muscular layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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18
Q

the outermost layer of the heart

A

epicardium

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19
Q

collects deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body

A

superior vena cava

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20
Q

collects deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body

A

infeior vena cava

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21
Q

left and right arteries by which the blood leaves the right ventricle

A

pulmonary artery

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22
Q

prevents blood regurgitation into the right ventricle after its expelled from the heart

A

pulmonic valve

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23
Q

carry oxygenated from the lungs back to the heart and into the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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24
Q

valve in the heart consisting of two leaflets; sits at the left ventricle

A

mitral (bicuspid) valve

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25
Q

valve in the aorta that prevents blood from going back into the heart

A

aortic semilunar valve

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26
Q

left and right arteries that supply the heart with its own oxygen

A

coronary arteries

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27
Q

the pacemaker; portion of the heart that possesses its own rhythm, initiates and propagates each heartbeat without being stimulated by external nerves

A

sinoatrial node

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28
Q

node stimulated by heartbeat that causes the atria to contract

A

atrioventricular node

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29
Q

tract of conductive fibers that relays the heartbeat to the Purkinje fibers

A

bundle of His (AV bundle)

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30
Q

conductive fibers that transmit the heartbeat signals and cause the ventricles to contract

A

Purkinje fibers

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31
Q

instrument that reads the skin for the weak electrical pulses of heart contractions

A

electrocardiograph

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32
Q

portion of an electrocardiograph that measures the depolarization (contraction) of the atria

A

P wave

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33
Q

portion of an electrocardiograph that measures the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles

A

QRS complex

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34
Q

portion of an electrocardiograph that shows the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles

A

T wave

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35
Q

the force exterted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of heartbeat, systole and diastole

A

blood pressure

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36
Q

portion of a blood pressure reading when blood is forced out of the heart

A

systole

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37
Q

portion of blood pressure when the ventricles are filling with blood

A

diastole

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38
Q

tool used to measure blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

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39
Q

combining form of “widened blood vessel”

A

aneurysm/o

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40
Q

combining form of “vessel,” but can mean a blood vessel or a lymph node vessel

A

angi/o

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41
Q

combining form of “blood vessel”

A

vascul/o

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42
Q

combining form of “aorta”

A

aort/o

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43
Q

combining form of “artery”

A

arteri/o

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44
Q

combining form of “arteriole”

A

arteriol/o

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45
Q

combining form of “atrium”

A

atri/o

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46
Q

combining form of “fatty plaque”

A

ather/o

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47
Q

combining form of “heart”

A

coron/o

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48
Q

combining form of “electricity”

A

electr/o

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49
Q

combining form of “embolus” or plug

A

embol/o

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50
Q

combining form of “blood vessel”

A

hemangi/o

51
Q

combining form of “muscle”

A

my/o

52
Q

combining form of “vein”

A

phleb/o

53
Q

combining form of “vein”

A

ven/o

54
Q

combining form of “hardening”

A

scler/o

55
Q

combining form of “pulse”

A

sphygm/o

56
Q

combining form of “narrowing”

A

sten/o

57
Q

combining form of “blood clot”

A

thromb/o

58
Q

combining form of “valve”

A

valv/o or valvul/o

59
Q

combining form of “vessel” and also “duct”

A

vas/o

60
Q

combining form of “ventricle”

A

ventricul/o

61
Q

suffix for “heart condition”

A

NAME?

62
Q

suffix for “recording” or “writing”

A

NAME?

63
Q

suffix for “instrument of recording”

A

NAME?

64
Q

suffix for “process of recording”

A

NAME?

65
Q

suffix for “narrowing”

A

NAME?

66
Q

chest pain, generally caused by inadequate bloodflow to the myocardium

A

angina

67
Q

breathing difficulty

A

dyspnea

68
Q

heartbeat irregularity

A

arrhythmia

69
Q

loss of consciousness

A

syncope

70
Q

progressive disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thick, and brittle. Often caused by the buildup of fatty plaque

A

ateriosclerosis

71
Q

a dislodged piece of fatty plaque (thrombus) in the bloodstream

A

embolus

72
Q

a blood clot made of fatty plaque

A

thrombus

73
Q

above normal fat levels in the blood

A

hyperlipidemia

74
Q

procedure where a surgeon opens a blocked artery and removes the blocking material

A

endarterectomy

75
Q

any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary artery to supply blood to the myocardium

A

coronary artery disease

76
Q

intense sweating

A

diaphoresus

77
Q

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves

A

endocarditis

78
Q

small masses in the heart formed of platelets, fibrin, and bacteria

A

vegetation

79
Q

enlarged, engorged, and twisted superficial veins

A

varicose veins

80
Q

cancerous growth composed of mucous connective tissue on the heart

A

myxoma

81
Q

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

A

aneurysm

82
Q

arrhythmia in where there is an abnormally rapid quivering of the myocardium

A

fibrillation

83
Q

condition where there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

A

heart block

84
Q

deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrow the lumen in the arteries

A

atherosclerosis

85
Q

soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation; the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction

A

bruit

86
Q

disease or weakening of the heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

A

cardiomyopathy

87
Q

narrowing of a blood vessel, especially the aorta

A

coarctation

88
Q

condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) gets lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow

A

embolism

89
Q

localized tissue necrosis due to blocked blood supply

A

infarction

90
Q

local temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction

A

ischemia

91
Q

structural deficit in which the mitral valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during systole contraction

A

mitral valve prolapse

92
Q

sensation of an irregular heartbeat

A

palpitation

93
Q

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs

A

phlebitis

94
Q

abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs at the site of formation

A

thrombosis

95
Q

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

A

deep vein thrombosis

96
Q

electrical shock delivered randomly during cardiac cycle to treat emergency or life-threatening arrhythmias

A

defibrillation

97
Q

defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat arrhythmia, typically synchronized with the R waves of an ECG

A

cardioversion

98
Q

injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

A

sclerotherapy

99
Q

destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters

A

thrombolysis

100
Q

any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow

A

angioplasty

101
Q

a balloon is inserted into the coronary artery to enlarge the lumen of the blocked artery and restore blood flow

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

102
Q

removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes

A

biopsy

103
Q

treatment for cardiac arrhythmia; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance

A

catheter ablation

104
Q

surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve that have fused together at some point

A

commissurotomy

105
Q

placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

A

coronary artery bypass graft

106
Q

removal of the embolus (any mass moving through the vascular channels)

A

embolectomy

107
Q

removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting device

A

endarterectomy

108
Q

a small battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia by sending electrical impulses into the heart

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

109
Q

procedure using heated lasers to treat varicose veins

A

laser ablation

110
Q

incision on a valve to increase the size of the opening, used in treating mitral stenosis

A

valvotomy

111
Q

passing a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

A

cardiac catheterization

112
Q

series of blood tests that look for fat content in the blood

A

lipid panel

113
Q

radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast medium

A

angiography

114
Q

angiography of the aorta and its branches after the injection of a contrast medium

A

aortography

115
Q

radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast medium to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

A

coronary angiography

116
Q

type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels

A

magnetic resonance angiography

117
Q

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and also calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump in one contraction)

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

118
Q

test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing obstruction; also called thallium scan or cardiolite scan

A

nuclear perfusion study

119
Q

radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction

A

venography

120
Q

blood pressure lowering medication that functions by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

121
Q

medication that blocks the effect of adrenaline and decreases the heart rate

A

beta-blockers

122
Q

block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

A

calcium channel blocker

123
Q

medication that dilates the vessels of the heart and causes an increased amount of oxygen to be delivered to the myocardium, also widens other blood vessels in the body.

A

nitrates

124
Q

medication that lowers cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

A

statins

Medical Terminology (26 decks)

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