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Medical Terminology > Exam 3 - Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal System (by term) > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal System (by term) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

appendage

A

any part of the body attached to the main structure

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2
Q

articulation

A

place of union between two or more bones, also called a joint

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3
Q

cacellous

A

Latticelike arrangement of bony plates occuring at the ends of long bones

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4
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles

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5
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

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6
Q

fibers

A

small contractile cells that make up muscle tissue

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7
Q

skeletal muscles

A

also called voluntary or striated muscles, these are muscles under voluntary control. Examples include the muscles that move the eyeballs and tongue

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8
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart, this type of muscle makes up most of the wall in the heart. It’s striated, but it produces rhythmic and involuntary contractions

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9
Q

smooth muscle

A

also called involuntary or visceral muscles, these are muscles whose actions are involuntary and are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

aponeurosis

A

when a fibrous attachment to a bone spans a large area of the bone

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11
Q

tendon

A

When connective tissue fibers form a cord or a strap

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12
Q

ligament

A

flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains

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13
Q

adduction

A

moving an appendage into the midline of the body

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14
Q

abduction

A

moving an appendage away from the midline of the body

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15
Q

flexion

A

the action of decreasing the angle of a joint

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16
Q

extension

A

the action of increasing the angle of a joint

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17
Q

pronation

A

to turn the palm downward

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18
Q

supination

A

the turn the palm upward

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19
Q

inversion

A

moving the sole of the foot inward

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20
Q

eversion

A

moving the sole of the foot outward

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21
Q

dorsiflexion

A

elevating the foot, pointing the foot upward

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22
Q

plantar flexion

A

lowering the foot, pointing the foot downward

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23
Q

hematopoesis

A

the production of blood cells inside the bone marrow

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24
Q

short bones

A

type of bone that’s often cube-shaped. Examples include wrists and toes

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25
Q

Irregular bones

A

bones that cannot be classified as short or long due to their complex shapes

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26
Q

long bones

A

bones found in the appendages, such as legs and arms.

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27
Q

diaphysis

A

the long, main portion of a long bone

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28
Q

compact bone

A

forms the long cylindrical outer covering of a long bone

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29
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy bone at the core of a short bone

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30
Q

medullary cavity

A

the central canal inside of a bone that hold the yellow marrow; consists mainly of fat and blood cells

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31
Q

proximal epiphysis

A

the end of a long bone closest to the center of the body

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32
Q

distal epiphysis

A

the end of a long bone farthest to the center of the body

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33
Q

articular cartilage

A

type of elastic connective tissue that covers an epiphysis such that movement is smooth for joints

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34
Q

spongy bone

A

the substance that makes up the interior material of an epiphysis

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35
Q

osteoblast

A

a bone-forming cell

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36
Q

The axial skeleton is divided into ____ main regions, which are…?

A

three main regions: the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column

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37
Q

trochanter

A

a large, irregularly shaped and non-articulating process found only on the femur

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38
Q

tubercle

A

a small, round process on a bone

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39
Q

condyle

A

the rounded articulating head of a bone, kob-shaped

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40
Q

head

A

prominent, rounded articulating head of a bone

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41
Q

foramen

A

rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves, like the foramen of the skull through which cranial nerves pass

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42
Q

fissure

A

a narrow, slit-like opening in the bone

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43
Q

sinus

A

a cavity or a hollow space inside a bone

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44
Q

fontanel

A

the unossified membrane or soft spot that appears on an infant’s head between the cranial bones

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45
Q

ankyl/o

A

combining form for stiffness, can also mean bent or crooked

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46
Q

arthr/o

A

combining form of “joint”

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47
Q

kyph/o

A

combining form of “humpback”

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48
Q

lamin/o

A

combining form of “lamina,” the part of the vertibral arch

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49
Q

lord/o

A

combining form of “curve” or “swayback”

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50
Q

myel/o

A

combining form of either “bone marrow” or “spinal cord” depending on the context

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51
Q

orth/o

A

combining form of “straight”

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52
Q

oste/o

A

combining form of “bone”

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53
Q

ped/o

A

combining form of “foot” and also “child”

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54
Q

scoli/o

A

combining form of “crooked” or “bent”

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55
Q

thorac/o

A

combining form of “chest”

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56
Q

acromi/o

A

combining form of “acromion” which is a projection of the scapula

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57
Q

brachi/o

A

combining form of “arm”

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58
Q

calcane/o

A

combining form of “calcaneum” which is the heel bone

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59
Q

carp/o

A

combining form of “carpus” which is the wrist bone

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60
Q

cephal/o

A

combining form of “head”

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61
Q

cervic/o

A

combining form of “neck” but also the cervix as well

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62
Q

clavicul/o

A

combining form of “clavicle” or collar bone

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63
Q

cost/o

A

combining form of “ribs”

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64
Q

crani/o

A

combining form of “skull”

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65
Q

dactyl/o

A

combining form of “fingers” or “toes”

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66
Q

femor/o

A

combining form of “femur”

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67
Q

fibul/o

A

combining form of “fibula”

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68
Q

humer/o

A

combining form of “humerus”

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69
Q

ili/o

A

combining form of “ilium” which is the flaring portion of the hip bone

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70
Q

ischi/o

A

combining form of “ischium” which is the lower portion of the hip bone

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71
Q

lumb/o

A

combining form of “loins” though specifically the lower back portion

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72
Q

metacarp/o

A

combining form of “metacarpus” or the hand bones

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73
Q

metatars/o

A

combining form of “metatarsus” or the foot bones

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74
Q

patell/o

A

combining form of “patella” or kneecap

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75
Q

pelv/i

A

combining form of “pelvis”

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76
Q

phalang/o

A

combining form of “phalanges” or finger bones

77
Q

pod/o

A

combining form of “foot”

78
Q

pub/o

A

combining form of “pelvis bone”

79
Q

radi/o

A

combining form of “radiation”

80
Q

spondyl/o

A

one of two combining forms of “vertebrae”

81
Q

vertebr/o

A

one of two combining forms of “vertebrae”

82
Q

stern/o

A

combining form of “sternum”

83
Q

tibi/o

A

combining form of “tibia”

84
Q

leiomy/o

A

combining form of “smooth muscle”

85
Q

muscul/o

A

one of two combining form of “muscle”

86
Q

my/o

A

one of two combining forms of “muscle”

87
Q

rhabd/o

A

combining form of “rod-shaped” or striated

88
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

combining form of “rod shaped striated muscle”

89
Q

chrond/o

A

combining form of “cartilage”

90
Q

fasci/o

A

combining form of “band” or “fascia”

91
Q

fibr/o

A

combining form of “fiber” or “fibrous tissue”

92
Q

synov/o

A

combining form of “synovial membrane” or “synovial fluid”

93
Q

ten/o

A

one of three combining forms of “tendon”

94
Q

tend/o

A

one of three combining forms of “tendon”

95
Q

tendin/o

A

one of three combining forms of “tendon”

96
Q

-asthenia

A

suffix for “weakness” or “debility”

97
Q

-blast

A

suffix for “embryonic cell”

98
Q

-clasia

A

suffix for “to break” or “surgical fracture” (there are two)

99
Q

-clast

A

suffix for “to break” or “surgical fracture” (there are two)

100
Q

-desis

A

suffix for “binding” or “fixation of a bone or joint”

101
Q

-malacia

A

suffix for “softening”

102
Q

-physis

A

suffix for “growth”

103
Q

-porosis

A

suffix for “porous”

104
Q

-sarcoma

A

suffix for “malignant tumor of connective tissue”

105
Q

-scopy

A

suffix for “visual examination”

106
Q

syn-

A

prefix for “together” or “joined”

107
Q

ankylosis

A

the stiffening and immobility of a joint as the result of a disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

108
Q

bunion (hallux valgus)

A

deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe

109
Q

carpal tunnel syndrom

A

painful condition resulting from the compression of the median nerve within the wrist canal that holds the flexor tendons

110
Q

claudication

A

lameness, limping

111
Q

contracture

A

fibrosis of the connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents joint mobility

112
Q

crepitation

A

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing up against each other, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

113
Q

exacerbation

A

a sudden increase in the severity of symptoms, sometimes called a “flare”

114
Q

ganglion cyst

A

a filled tumor that develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands, but may also appear in the feet

115
Q

hemarthrosis

A

effusion of blood into a joint cavity

116
Q

herniated disk

A

a rupture of a vertebral disk’s center through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal, with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness

117
Q

hypotonia

A

loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

118
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

119
Q

phantom limb

A

the perceived sensation that a limb is still present following its amputation

120
Q

rickets

A

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency

121
Q

sequestrum

A

fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from the surrounding tissue

122
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

any slipping of the vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

123
Q

sprain

A

tearing of a ligament or tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

124
Q

strain

A

Muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch

125
Q

subluxation

A

partial or incomplete dislocation

126
Q

talipes equinovarus

A

congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side, also called “clubfoot”

127
Q

electromyography

A

use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them

128
Q

reduction

A

a procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

129
Q

closed reduction

A

a procedure in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

130
Q

open reduction

A

a procedure in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery

131
Q

bone immobilization

A

procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

132
Q

casting

A

bone immobilization by placing a solid, stiff dressing around the area with plaster of Paris or other similar material

133
Q

splinting

A

bone immobilization by applying an orthopedic device to the injured part

134
Q

traction

A

bone immobilization using weights and pullies to align or immobilize a fracture

135
Q

amputation

A

partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease

136
Q

arthrocentesis

A

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove the accumulated fluid

137
Q

arthroclasia

A

surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

138
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible arthroscope

139
Q

bone grafting

A

implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body, or possibly from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone

140
Q

bursectomy

A

excision of the bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

141
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

142
Q

prosthesis fitting

A

replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute (like a peg leg)

143
Q

revision surgery

A

any surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prosthesis

144
Q

sequestrectomy

A

excision of a segment of necrosed bone

145
Q

synovectomy

A

excision of a synovial membrane

146
Q

arthrography

A

series of radiographs taken after injection of a contract material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

147
Q

bone density test

A

Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm

148
Q

discography

A

radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures through the injection of a contrast medium

149
Q

lumbosacral spinal radiography

A

radiography of the five lumbar vertibrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, laterial, and oblique views of the lower spine

150
Q

myelography

A

radiography of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium to study spinal distortions caused by cysts, herniated disks, or lesions

151
Q

scintigraphy

A

nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

152
Q

gold salts

A

treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system

153
Q

salicylates

A

relieves mild to moderate pain and reduces inflammation (aspirin)

154
Q

muscle relaxants

A

medication to relive muscle spasms and stiffness

155
Q

closed fracture

A

where a bone has broken but no open wound exists

156
Q

open fracture

A

a broken bone where an open wound exists

157
Q

complicated fracture

A

when a broken bone injures an internal organ

158
Q

comminuted fracture

A

where a bone breaks and splits into pieces

159
Q

impacted fracture

A

when a bone is broken and wedges into the interior of another bone

160
Q

incomplete fracture

A

when the line of a break does not completely transverse the entire bone

161
Q

greenstick fracture

A

when the fracture doesn’t extend through the entire thickness of the bone, like when one side of the bone is fractured and the other side is bent

162
Q

Colles fracture

A

a break at the lower end of the radius, often just above the wrist. Typically happens when someone extends their hands out to catch a fall

163
Q

hairline fracture

A

fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment

164
Q

pathological (spontaneous) fracture

A

bone break caused by a disease process such as neoplasm or osteoperosis

165
Q

osteomyelitis

A

bone infection

166
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood stream, sometimes called “blood poisoning”

167
Q

sequestrium

A

bone death

168
Q

sequestrectomy

A

removal of dead bone

169
Q

Paget disease

A

chronic inflammation of the bones resulting in thickening and softening of bone matter

170
Q

osteoperosis

A

common bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in women over 60, starts as a decrease in bone mineral density that eventually lead to microscopic fractures

171
Q

osteopenia

A

decrease in bone density

172
Q

scoliosis

A

a condition causing a crooked, s-shaped spine

173
Q

kyphosis

A

commonly called “hunchback”

174
Q

lordosis

A

sometimes called “swayback,” it’s when the lower back curves in unnaturally

175
Q

arthritis

A

a general term for many joint diseases; inflammation of a joint accompanied by pain, swelling, and changes in structure

176
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

systematic disease of the joints that causes pain and swelling, caused by immune system attacking the joints

177
Q

osteoarthritis

A

sometimes referred to as degenerative joint disease; a progressive degeneration of the cartilage in the joints

178
Q

Herben nodes

A

joint enlargement typically seen in cases of osteoarthritis

179
Q

gout

A

the accumulation of uric acid cystals in the blood which deposit near joints and soft tissue, very painful

180
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle dissue

181
Q

Duchenne dystrophy

A

form of muscular dystrophy that affects children, boys more than girls; a sex linked disease; most children die before 30

182
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

neuromuscular disorder causing fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups (eyes, face, and sometimes limbs). Characterized by acetylcholine receptor destruction

183
Q

primary bone cancer

A

form of bone cancer that arises directly in the bone

184
Q

secondary bone cancer

A

form of bone cancer that arises somewhere else and spreads to the bone

185
Q

sarcoma

A

malignancy that originates from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, or lymphatic system cells

186
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

malignancy that develops in the cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders

187
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

malignancy that develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs

188
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

malignancy that develops in the primitive nerve cells in bone marrow

Medical Terminology (26 decks)

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