Exam 3 Flashcards
- Pulmonary parenchyma:
Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.
- Laryngectomy:
removal of larynx or voice box.
- Phren/o:
diaphragm
- Asbestosis:
abnormal condition of asbestos fiber particles in the lungs.
- Orthopnea:
Breathing is only comfortable when the patient is in an upright position.
- Pyothorax:
pus collection in the pleural cavity.
- DPT:
diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (vaccine)
- Lung sounds:
+ Rales (crackles): abnormal, fine, crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli. These popping or clicking sounds can be heard in patients with pneumonia, bronchiectasis, or acute bronchitis.
+ Stridor: Strained, high-pitched sounds heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx. Common causes of stridor include throat abscess, airway injury, croup, allergic reaction, epiglottitis and laryngitis.
+ Wheezes: wheezes are heard when air forced through narrowed or obstructed airways. Asthma as bronchi narrow and tighten.
- Atelectasis:
Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli.
- 2 forms:
+ Proximal obstruction of distal airway.
+ Collection of fluid, blood and air in pleural cavity.
- Expectoration:
Material is expelled from the lung.
- Pulmonary abscess:
Large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs.
- Hemoptysis:
spitting up blood from the respiratory tract.
- COPD:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-airway obstruction associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
- Endoscopic exam of lungs:
bronchoscopy
bronchoscopy: fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tube:
⇒ place the bronchoscope through the throat, larynx, and trachea into the bronchi for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions.
- Hypercapnia vs Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia: Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
Hypoxemia: Tissues have a decreased amount of oxygen, and cyanosis can result
- Thoracotomy:
Large surgical incision of the chest.
- Bacillus:
rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis)
- Laryngoscopy:
to examine the voice box (a lighted, flexible endoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the larynx.
- Hemoglobin:
blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
- Vaccination:
introduction of vaccine (containing dead or weakened antigen) to produce immunity. It is a type of acquired immunity.
Parts of long bones
slide 13
- Differentiate anemias
decrease number of erythrocytes or an abnormality of the hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
Aplastic anemia: failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells
Hemolytic anemia: reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction
Pernicious anemia: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
Sickle cell: hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle shape erythrocytes and hemolysis
Thalassemia: an inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
Hemochromatosis: excess iron deposits throughout the body
Polycythemia vera: general increase in red blood cells
- Immature blood cells:
reticulocyte, myelocytes, megakaryocyte, erythroblast.
- Polycythemia vera vs Hemochromatosis:
Polycythemia vera: increase in numbers of red blood cells (erythremia)
Hemochromatosis: Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body.
- Hemophilia:
excessive bleeding caused by the lack one of the protein substances necessary for blood clotting;
patients often bleed into weight-bearing joints, especially the ankles and knees.
- Coagulation time vs Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Sed rate)
Coagulation time: time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube. Normal time is less than 15 minutes.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Sed rate) : speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.
- Hematocrit vs Sed rate:
Hematocrit: percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
Sed rate : speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.
- Edema (swelling) vs Petechiae:
Edema (swelling): results when too much fluid from blood “leaks” out into tissues.
Petechiae: are tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages.
- Immunoglobins:
Antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen
- Relapse vs Remission
Relapse: sliding or falling back; as in recurrence of symptoms or decline after apparent recovery.
Remission: disappearance of symptoms of disease.
- Interstitial fluid:
Fluid that fills the spaces in b/w cells, becomes lymph in lymph capillaries.
- Areas of lymph nodes:
Lymph capillaries Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Cervical (neck) Axillary (armpit) Mediastinal (chest) Mesenteric (intestinal) Paraaortic (lumbar) Inguinal (groin) Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct
- T-cells:
Lymphocyte
- originating in the thymus gland
- destroys antigens by direct action
- produces cytokines such as interferons and interleukins.
- Tonsils vs Adenoids:
Tonsils: masses of lymphatic tissue on the either side of the back oropharynx
Adenoids: small masses of lymphatic tissue in the throat, close to the nasal passageway nasopharynx
- Bone marrow
Yellow marrow: chiefly fat
Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow; hematopoieses is the formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones
- Lymphocytosis
Increase in the numbers of lymphocytes in the bloodstream.
- HIV
Virus (retrovirus) that cause AIDS
- Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell)
- Herpes simplex
HPV
- Skin cancer seen in AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma: arises from the lining of the capillaries and appears red, purple, brown, black skin nodules
- Opportunistic lung disease seen in AIDS
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), tuberculosis (TB)
- Cancellous bone
spongy, porous bone tissue, inner part of a bone (Trabecular bone)
- Shoulder bone
Acromion: outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder.
- Bones of the face
Nasal bones Lacrimal bones Maxillary bones Mandibular bones Zygomatic bones Vomer
- Bones of cranium
Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone
- Diaphysis vs epiphysis
Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: end
- Subluxation of the vertebra
partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint
trat khop
- Spinal deformities
can happen when unnatural curvature occurs;
due to defect or damage to the spine (scoliosis, kyphosis, spondylolisthesis, ankylosing spondylitis)
- skeletal bones
general
- Osteomyelitis vs osteoporosis
Osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Osteoporosis: abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue. Bones become thin, weak, and brittle ad break easily (loang xuong)
- Fractures
Femur - Comminuted fracture - Greenstick fracture Humerus - Compound fracture - Impacted fracture wrist - Colles fracture Spine - Compression fracture
- Kyphosis vs ankylosis
Kyphosis: abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine
Ankylosis: immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
Kyphosis : tat gu ; convexity: do loi
ankylosis : chung cung lien khop
- Rheumatoid arthritis vs osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis: viem khop mang tinh (ban tay, co tay, dau goi , ban chan)
Osteoarthritis: viem xuong va khop
- Leiomyosarcoma vs leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma: malignant tumor of smooth muscle
Leiomyoma: benign tumor of smooth muscle
- Supination vs pronation
Supination: Turning the palm upward
Pronation: Turning the palm downward
- Skeletal vs Visceral
Skeletal muscle: striated muscle ( connected to bones)
Visceral muscle: smooth muscle ( connected to internal organs)
- Endotracheal intubation
tube is placed through the mouth to the trachea to establish an airway
- Myeloid
derived from bone marrow
- Pertussis
whooping cough
- electrophoresis
tach serum
- Poikilocytosis
Abnormal shape of red blood cells
- Hematopoietic stem cell
an undifferentiated blood cell
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia
symptoms of pallor, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding
gums…
pallor: xanh xao
Erythropoietin (EPO) vs Colony stimulating factor (CSF)
Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cells formation.
Colony stimulating factor (CSF): protein stimulating formation of white blood cells.
Shape and form of blood cells
Ansiocytosis Hypochromia = less hemoglobin Macrocytosis Microcytosis Poikilocytosis Spherocytosis (rounded)
Multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
Leukocytosis
A slight increase in normal white blood cells-> occurs as white blood cells multiply to fight an infection
Khac voi Leukemia
