chap 15 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
* Musculoskeletal System Bones: Muscles: Joints: Tendons: Ligaments:
Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles, and joints of the body
Bones: structural support and protection of internal organs
Muscles: internal and external movement
Joints: where bones come together/type determined by need for flexibility
Tendons: bind muscles to bones
Ligaments: bind bones to other bones
- Bone Formation
Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone
Cells:
- Osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage
- Osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone
- Osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)
- Bone Structure
- Long, short, flat, sesamoid (in shape)
- Diaphysis: shaft ( than xuong)
- Epiphysis: end
- Metaphysis: conelike flared portion between end and shaft
- Epiphyseal line or plate: growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)
- Bone Structure (cont’d)
Cau tao xuong va ben trong xuong
(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure
(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone
- Articular cartilage: khop sun o bia 2 dau xuong
- Cancellous bone = spongy or trabecular bone : xuong xop o Metaphysis
- Compact bone : xuong ran chac
- Harversian canals: ranh trong compact bone
- Periosteum: mang xuong
- Medullary cavity: khoang tuy song chua bone marrow
- Bone Marrow
- Yellow marrow: chiefly fat
- Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow; hematopoieses is the formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
- Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones
- Bone Processes and Depressions
Processes: serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
- Facial Bones (cont’d)
- Nasal bones
- Lacrimal bones : xuong tuyen le
- Maxillary bones: xuong ham tren
- Mandibular bones: xuong ham duoi
- Zygomatic bones: xuong thai duong
- Vomer: xuong mui
- Sinuses
Air cavities located in facial and cranial bone lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system.
- Bones: Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities (cont’d)
- Thorax: clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs
- Arm and Hand: humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- Pelvis: pelvic girdle, ilium, ischium, pubis
clavicle: xuong don
scapula: ba vai
sternum:nguc
carpals:co tay
metacarpal:ban tay
phalanges: dot ngon tay,chan
pelvic girdle: dai hong, dai chau
ilium: xuong chau
ischium: u ngoi, dot hang
epiphysis
Each end of a long bone; area beyond the epiphyseal plate
facial bones
Bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic
fontanelle
Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
sella turcica
Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
sinus
Hollow air cavity within a bone
styloid process
Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
The process of bone formation is ____________.
olecranon
ossification
osteoblast
xiphoid process
ossification
calc/o
calcium
calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
posterior curvature in thoracic region
lamin/o
lamina
lord/o
curve
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra
-blast
embryonic cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
pore, passage
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heal)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (thigh bones)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o
ischium (part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jaw bone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones) :
khoi xuong ban chan
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
mau’ khuyu
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
xuong banh che o dau goi
pelv/i
pelvis
perone/o
fibula
xuong ngoai cua dui (xuong mac’)
phalang/o
phalanges (finger, toe bones)
xuong dot ngon tay chan
pub/o
pubis
radi/o
radius
xuong quay (co tay)
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
xuong ba vai
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
xuong nguc (giua 2 xuong suon)
tars/o
tarsals
xuong co chan
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
xuong ong chan (lower leg)
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
xuong tru (tay)
Pathology — Bones Ewing sarcoma: exostosis: osteogenic sarcoma: osteomalacia: osteomyelitis: talipes:
Ewing sarcoma: malignant bone tumor
exostosis: bony growth on surface of bone
osteogenic sarcoma: malignant tumor arising from bone
osteomalacia: softening of bone
osteomyelitis: inflammation secondary to infection
talipes: congenital abnormality of hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot)
Femur Comminuted fracture Greenstick fracture Humerus Compound fracture Impacted fracture Radius Colles fracture Compression fracture
Femur : xuong dui
Comminuted fracture: gay vun
Greenstick fracture: 1 ben gay, 1 ben cong
Humerus: xuong canh tay
Compound fracture: gay loi xuong ra ngoai da
Impacted fracture: gay bi lech xuong
Radius: xuong co tay
Colles fracture: gay xuong co tay
Compression fracture: gay do xuong nen vao nhau
Joints
Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones
\+ Suture joints: immovable (skull) \+ Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e.g., hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle)
The connective tissue that binds muscles to bones is ____________.
ligament
articulation
synovial membrane
tendon
tendon
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
Pathology — Joints
Arthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis:
- Gouty arthritis:
- Osteoarthritis (OA):
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):Arthritis: inflammation of any joint (viem khop)
- Ankylosing spondylitis: chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine (viem cung khop dot song)
- Gouty arthritis: inflammation due to excessive uric acid in body (benh gut’)
- Osteoarthritis (OA): loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces; can occur in any joint, but mainly in spine, hips, and knees of older people (viem hop xuong man tinh)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane) (viem hop man tinh)
synovial membrane: man hoat dich (boc khop va boi tron)
Pathology — Joints (cont’d)
Ganglion:
Herniation of an intervertebral disk:
Lyme disease:
Ganglion: a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist. (hach)
Herniation of an intervertebral disk: abnormal protrusion of the disk into the neural canal or against spinal nerves; “slipped disk”. (thoat vi dis den)
Lyme disease: recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms; often marked by a “bull’s eye” rash at the site of the tick bite.
myalgia: dau khop
malaise: tinh trang kho chiu
- Rotation
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
- Supination:
- Pronation
- Ulna:
- Radius:
- Rotation: quay dau qua lai
- Flexion: cong tay len
- Extension: thang tay ra
- Abduction: Movement away from midline of body
(dua thang tay ra ngoai) - Adduction: Movement toward midline of body
(thu thang tay vao) - Dorsiflexion: Backward (upward) bending of the foot
(cong ban chan vao) - Plantar flexion: Bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground (long ban chan ra)
- Supination: ngua long ban tay
- Pronation: up long ban tay
- Ulna: xuong khuy tay
- Radius: xuong quay
Movement AWAY from the midline of the body is ____________.
adduction
abduction
flexion
dorsiflexion
. adbuction
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myos/o
muscle
plant/o
sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle connected to bones
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
development, nourishment
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
many, much
