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Medical Terminology > Chap 14 Lymph > Flashcards

Chap 14 Lymph Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Lymph

A

Clear watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels throughout the body.

  • Originates in blood
  • Rich in lymph capillaries and vessels
  • Flows in lymph capillaries and vessels.
  • Flows through lymph nodes and lymphatic organs (liver, spleen, thymus, and nodes)
  • Absorb lipids in the intestine.
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2
Q

Lymphatic System Functions

A

Transports proteins and fluid that have leaked, back to the bloodstream
Lymphatic vessels absorb lipids from intestines and transport them to the bloodstream
Lymphocytes and monocytes protect the body by mounting a cellular attack on foreign cells and organisms.

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3
Q

Lymphatic System Anatomy

A 
Lymph capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Cervical (neck)
Axillary (armpit)
Mediastinal (chest)
Mesenteric (intestinal)
Paraaortic (lumbar)
Inguinal (groin)
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4
Q
  • Lymph Nodes
A

Macrophages phagocytose foreign substances

B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies; mature in the bone marrow

T lymphocytes (T cells) attack bacteria and foreign cells; originate in the thymus gland

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5
Q
  • Spleen
A

Destroys old red blood cells

Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood

Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies; T cells attack foreign materials (produced in thymus gland)

Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets

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6
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth.

Makes cells immunocompetent in early life

Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens

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7
Q

Immune System

A

Leukocytes: neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages

Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and adenoids; produce lymphocytes and antibodies

Immunity: the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs; can be natural or adaptive

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8
Q

Natural and Adaptive Immunity

A

Natural immunity: resistance present at birth; not dependent on prior exposure to an antigen

Phagocytosis
Macrophages
Natural killer cells

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9
Q
  • Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)
A 
Adaptive immunity
Active
 - By contracting a disease
 - By vaccination
 - Stem cell transplant
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10
Q

Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)

A

B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity.
- Originate in bone marrow from stem cells

  • B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens (viruses and bacteria)
  • B cell matures into plasma cell that produces antibodies called immunoglobulins to block the effects of antigens
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11
Q

Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)

A

T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity; does not involve antibodies
- Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and directly kill antigens.

  • Other T cells secrete cytokines (interferons and interleukins) that help cells respond to antigens.
  • Helper T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells.
  • Suppressor T cells (regulatory T cell or Tregs) inhibit B and T cells and prevent them from attacking the body’s own good cells.
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12
Q

Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)

A

Dendritic cells
- Dendritic cells are a macrophage derived from monocytes.

  • They recognize and digest foreign antigens.
  • They present antigens on the surface to stimulate B and T cells.
  • They transfer immunity by exposing dendritic cells in culture; then transfuse them and get them to stimulate T and B cells.
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13
Q
  • Immunotherapy Examples
A
  • Vaccines: contain antigens from the patient’s tumor cells; stimulate the patient’s own T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells; active immunotherapy
  • Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside the body and reinfused
  • Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells; passive immunotherapy
  • Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment); passive immunotherapy
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14
Q
  • adaptive immunity
A

Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

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15
Q
  • adenoids
A

Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

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16
Q
  • antibody
A

Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

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17
Q

antigen

A

Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response

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18
Q

axillary nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the armpit

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19
Q

B cell (B lymphocyte)

A

Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies

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20
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells that respond to antigens and destroy them

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21
Q

cervical nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the neck region

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22
Q

Lymph nodes in the neck region

A

Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target

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23
Q

cytokines

A

Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction

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24
Q

cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell)

A

Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens

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25
Q

dendritic cell

A

Antigen-presenting cell; shows T and B cells what to attack

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26
Q

helper T cell (CD4+ T cell)

A

Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells

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27
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity

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28
Q

immunity

A

Body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs

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29
Q

immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen

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30
Q

immunotherapy

A

Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease

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31
Q

inguinal nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the groin region

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32
Q

interferons

A

Proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response

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33
Q

interleukins

A

Proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

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34
Q

interstitial fluid

A

Fluid in the spaces between cells; becomes lymph in lymph capillaries

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35
Q
  • lymph
A

Thin, watery fluid within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

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36
Q
  • lymph capillaries
A

Tiniest lymphatic vessels

37
Q
  • lymphoid organs
A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

38
Q
  • lymph node
A

Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels

39
Q
  • lymph vessel
A

Carrier of lymph throughout the body

40
Q
  • macrophage
A

Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

41
Q

mediastinal nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity

42
Q

mesenteric nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the mesentery

43
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

An antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells

44
Q

natural immunity

A

Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection

45
Q

paraaortic nodes

A

Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body

46
Q

plasma cell

A

Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies; matures from B lymphocytes

47
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of body; empties into large neck vein

48
Q

Spleen

A

Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out RBCs, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood

49
Q

suppressor T cell (Treg)

A

Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells

50
Q

T cell (T lymphocyte)

A

Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produces chemicals toxic to antigens

51
Q

tolerance

A

Ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly

52
Q

thoracic duct

A

Drains lymph from the lower and left side of body; empties into large veins in neck

53
Q

thymus gland

A

Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells

54
Q

tonsils

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue in back of the oropharynx

55
Q
  • toxin
A

Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

56
Q
  • vaccination
A

Exposure of an individual to an antigen that provokes an immune response that will destroy any cell with the antigen and will protect against infection

57
Q
  • vaccine
A

Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

58
Q 
Which lymphocyte originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies?
Dendritic cell
Helper T cell
B cell
Cytotoxic T cell
A

Helper T cell

59
Q
  1. The formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen is:
    cell-mediated immunity
    acquired immunity
    natural immunity
A

acquired immunity

xay dung he mien dich

60
Q

immun/o

A

protection

61
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

62
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

63
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

64
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

65
Q

tox/o

A

poison

66
Q

ana-

A

again, anew

67
Q

inter-

A

between

68
Q

Immunodeficiency

A 
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  - Destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)
  - Opportunistic infections
  - Malignancies 
	(Kaposi sarcoma, wasting syndrome)
69
Q

Opportunistic Infections with AIDS

A

Candidiasis: benh nam fungus
Cryptococcus (Crypto) : nhiem benh nam nay o bi HIV/AIDS
Cryptosporidiosis : benh ky sinh trung duong tieu hoa
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: thuoc ho virus Herpes
Herpes simplex
Histoplasmosis (Histo): loet hong luoi hay thanh quan
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection: lao
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): viem phoi
Toxoplasmosis (Toxo): nhiem trung ky sinh trung
Tuberculosis (TB)

70
Q

Drugs to Treat AIDS

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) inhibit viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase. (lam tang so luong CD4 cells va giam luong virus)
Protease inhibitors inhibit viral proteolytic enzyme.
Combiniation of RTI and protease inhibitors is HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy).
HAART: lieu phap khang virus hoat tinh cao.
protease: enzymes cung cap nc cho proteins

71
Q

Hypersensitivity

Allergy

A

su nhay cam voi duoc pham nao do
Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen
- Ranges from
Allergic rhinitis (viem mui) or hay fever to anaphylaxis (phan ve)
- Other allergies:
Atopic dermatitis : viem da di ung
Asthma
Urticaria (hives): chung may day

72
Q

Malignancies

A

Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell) : benh hung thu to gan, la lach
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)

Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus

  • Associated with myasthenia gravis
  • Patients may have other autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus (ban do then da) and rheumatoid arthritis (viem khop man ting: co tay, ban tay, dau goi, ban chan)
73
Q

What is a malignant condition associated with AIDS?

Anaphylaxis
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Hodgkin disease

A

C: Kaposi sarcoma.

ung thu mach mau, vet do tren da, thuong o chan va dui do bi AIDS.

74
Q

Laboratory Tests

A

CD4+ cell count: measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS (do he mien dich)

ELISA test: detects anti-HIV antibodies; Western blot given as follow-up

Immunoelectrophoresis: separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD)

75
Q

Computed tomography (CT) scan

A

X-ray imaging in the transverse plane produces cross-sectional views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.

76
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

77
Q

CMV

A

Cytomegalovirus

thuoc ho virus Herpe

78
Q

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

A

Immunoglobulins

79
Q

IL1 to IL5

A

Interleukins

80
Q

NHL

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

81
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia

viem phoi

82
Q

PI

A

Protease inhibitor

protease: enzymes cung cap nc cho proteins

83
Q

SCID

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease

benh suy giam mien dich tram trong (benh di truyen di gen o tre em)

84
Q

axill/o

A

armpit

85
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix (neck of uterus)

86
Q

immun/o

A

immune; protection; safe

87
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

88
Q 
* What is the name of the fluid that lies between cells throughout the body?
Atopy
Lymphedema
Interstitial
Lymphopoiesis
A

Interstitial

89
Q 
Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and spleen marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes:	
HIV
Kaposi sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin disease
A

Hodgkin disease

Medical Terminology (27 decks)

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