Chap 14 Lymph Flashcards
Lymph
Clear watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels throughout the body.
- Originates in blood
- Rich in lymph capillaries and vessels
- Flows in lymph capillaries and vessels.
- Flows through lymph nodes and lymphatic organs (liver, spleen, thymus, and nodes)
- Absorb lipids in the intestine.
Lymphatic System Functions
Transports proteins and fluid that have leaked, back to the bloodstream
Lymphatic vessels absorb lipids from intestines and transport them to the bloodstream
Lymphocytes and monocytes protect the body by mounting a cellular attack on foreign cells and organisms.
Lymphatic System Anatomy
Lymph capillaries Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Cervical (neck) Axillary (armpit) Mediastinal (chest) Mesenteric (intestinal) Paraaortic (lumbar) Inguinal (groin)
- Lymph Nodes
Macrophages phagocytose foreign substances
B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies; mature in the bone marrow
T lymphocytes (T cells) attack bacteria and foreign cells; originate in the thymus gland
- Spleen
Destroys old red blood cells
Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood
Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies; T cells attack foreign materials (produced in thymus gland)
Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets
Thymus Gland
Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth.
Makes cells immunocompetent in early life
Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens
Immune System
Leukocytes: neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages
Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and adenoids; produce lymphocytes and antibodies
Immunity: the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs; can be natural or adaptive
Natural and Adaptive Immunity
Natural immunity: resistance present at birth; not dependent on prior exposure to an antigen
Phagocytosis
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
- Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)
Adaptive immunity Active - By contracting a disease - By vaccination - Stem cell transplant
Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)
B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity.
- Originate in bone marrow from stem cells
- B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens (viruses and bacteria)
- B cell matures into plasma cell that produces antibodies called immunoglobulins to block the effects of antigens
Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)
T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity; does not involve antibodies
- Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and directly kill antigens.
- Other T cells secrete cytokines (interferons and interleukins) that help cells respond to antigens.
- Helper T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells.
- Suppressor T cells (regulatory T cell or Tregs) inhibit B and T cells and prevent them from attacking the body’s own good cells.
Natural and Adaptive Immunity (cont’d)
Dendritic cells
- Dendritic cells are a macrophage derived from monocytes.
- They recognize and digest foreign antigens.
- They present antigens on the surface to stimulate B and T cells.
- They transfer immunity by exposing dendritic cells in culture; then transfuse them and get them to stimulate T and B cells.
- Immunotherapy Examples
- Vaccines: contain antigens from the patient’s tumor cells; stimulate the patient’s own T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells; active immunotherapy
- Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside the body and reinfused
- Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells; passive immunotherapy
- Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment); passive immunotherapy
- adaptive immunity
Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
- adenoids
Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
- antibody
Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens
antigen
Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response
axillary nodes
Lymph nodes in the armpit
B cell (B lymphocyte)
Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
cell-mediated immunity
T cells that respond to antigens and destroy them
cervical nodes
Lymph nodes in the neck region
Lymph nodes in the neck region
Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target
cytokines
Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction
cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell)
Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
dendritic cell
Antigen-presenting cell; shows T and B cells what to attack
helper T cell (CD4+ T cell)
Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity
immunity
Body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
immunoglobulins
Antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen
immunotherapy
Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease
inguinal nodes
Lymph nodes in the groin region
interferons
Proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
interleukins
Proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
interstitial fluid
Fluid in the spaces between cells; becomes lymph in lymph capillaries
- lymph
Thin, watery fluid within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
- lymph capillaries
Tiniest lymphatic vessels
- lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
- lymph node
Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels
- lymph vessel
Carrier of lymph throughout the body
- macrophage
Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
mediastinal nodes
Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
mesenteric nodes
Lymph nodes in the mesentery
monoclonal antibody
An antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells
natural immunity
Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection
paraaortic nodes
Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body
plasma cell
Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies; matures from B lymphocytes
Right lymphatic duct
Vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of body; empties into large neck vein
Spleen
Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out RBCs, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood
suppressor T cell (Treg)
Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells
T cell (T lymphocyte)
Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produces chemicals toxic to antigens
tolerance
Ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly
thoracic duct
Drains lymph from the lower and left side of body; empties into large veins in neck
thymus gland
Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells
tonsils
Masses of lymphatic tissue in back of the oropharynx
- toxin
Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
- vaccination
Exposure of an individual to an antigen that provokes an immune response that will destroy any cell with the antigen and will protect against infection
- vaccine
Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease
Which lymphocyte originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies? Dendritic cell Helper T cell B cell Cytotoxic T cell
Helper T cell
- The formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen is:
cell-mediated immunity
acquired immunity
natural immunity
acquired immunity
xay dung he mien dich
immun/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
again, anew
inter-
between
Immunodeficiency
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells) - Opportunistic infections - Malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma, wasting syndrome)
Opportunistic Infections with AIDS
Candidiasis: benh nam fungus
Cryptococcus (Crypto) : nhiem benh nam nay o bi HIV/AIDS
Cryptosporidiosis : benh ky sinh trung duong tieu hoa
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: thuoc ho virus Herpes
Herpes simplex
Histoplasmosis (Histo): loet hong luoi hay thanh quan
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection: lao
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): viem phoi
Toxoplasmosis (Toxo): nhiem trung ky sinh trung
Tuberculosis (TB)
Drugs to Treat AIDS
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) inhibit viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase. (lam tang so luong CD4 cells va giam luong virus)
Protease inhibitors inhibit viral proteolytic enzyme.
Combiniation of RTI and protease inhibitors is HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy).
HAART: lieu phap khang virus hoat tinh cao.
protease: enzymes cung cap nc cho proteins
Hypersensitivity
Allergy
su nhay cam voi duoc pham nao do
Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen
- Ranges from
Allergic rhinitis (viem mui) or hay fever to anaphylaxis (phan ve)
- Other allergies:
Atopic dermatitis : viem da di ung
Asthma
Urticaria (hives): chung may day
Malignancies
Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell) : benh hung thu to gan, la lach
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)
Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus
- Associated with myasthenia gravis
- Patients may have other autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus (ban do then da) and rheumatoid arthritis (viem khop man ting: co tay, ban tay, dau goi, ban chan)
What is a malignant condition associated with AIDS?
Anaphylaxis
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Hodgkin disease
C: Kaposi sarcoma.
ung thu mach mau, vet do tren da, thuong o chan va dui do bi AIDS.
Laboratory Tests
CD4+ cell count: measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS (do he mien dich)
ELISA test: detects anti-HIV antibodies; Western blot given as follow-up
Immunoelectrophoresis: separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD)
Computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray imaging in the transverse plane produces cross-sectional views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CMV
Cytomegalovirus
thuoc ho virus Herpe
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Immunoglobulins
IL1 to IL5
Interleukins
NHL
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia
viem phoi
PI
Protease inhibitor
protease: enzymes cung cap nc cho proteins
SCID
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
benh suy giam mien dich tram trong (benh di truyen di gen o tre em)
axill/o
armpit
cervic/o
neck; cervix (neck of uterus)
immun/o
immune; protection; safe
inguin/o
groin
* What is the name of the fluid that lies between cells throughout the body? Atopy Lymphedema Interstitial Lymphopoiesis
Interstitial
Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and spleen marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes: HIV Kaposi sarcoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin disease
