CHapter 21 Pharmacology Flashcards
Introduction
Drugs: Obtained from various sources: - Plants: - Animals: - Synthesized in lab:
Drugs: medicines/substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease
Obtained from various sources:
- Plants: for example, digitalis - Animals: for example, hormones - Synthesized in lab: for example, methotrexate
Pharmacology Professionals
- Pharmacist (PharmD)
- Pharmacologist (MD or PhD)
- Subspecialties include:
- Pharmacist (PharmD)
- Pharmacologist (MD or PhD)
- Subspecialties include:
+ Medicinal chemistry (synthesize new drugs)
+ Molecular pharmacology (interaction of drugs and subcellular structures)
+ Chemotherapy (drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, malignant cells)
+ Toxicology (harmful effects of drugs and antidotes)
- Biological Effects of Drugs
- Pharmacodynamics: study of a drug’s effects in the body
- Pharmacokinetics: study of a drug’s absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion over a period
Which term means below the skin?
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intracavity
Transdermal
B: subcutaneous.
- Drug Names, Standards, and References
- Chemical name: exact chemical makeup
- Generic name: legal and scientific name
- Brand name: trademark of drug manufacturer
Ex:
- Chemical name: 6-aminopenicillanic acid
- Generic name: ampicillin
- Brand name: Omnipen, Polycillin
- Drug Standards and References
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
- Hospital Formulary
- Physicians’ Desk Reference® (PDR®)
- Administration of Drugs
- Oral-(PO)
- Sublingual-SL
- Rectal-R
- Parenteral:
+ Intracavitary injection
+ Intradermal injection (ID)
+ Intramuscular injection (IM)
+ Intrathecal injection-think spinal
+ Intravenous injection-IV
+ Subcutaneous injection (SC) - Inhalation
- Topical
- Terminology of Drug Action
- Receptor: target of drug
- Action and interaction of drugs in the body:
- Combination of two drugs
+ Additive action-1+1=2
+ Antagonistic-works against
+ Synergistic-1+1=3 (potentiation)
- Combination of two drugs
- Other actions of drugs
- Tolerance-waning action over time
- Addiction-pt is physically or psychologically in need of the drug
- Means that the combination of two drugs is greater than the total effects of each drug by itself:
synergism (potentiation)
tolerance
additive action
idiosyncrasy
A: synergism.
- Drug Toxicity
- Unwanted and potentially dangerous effects of drugs
- Idiosyncrasy (unexpected and uncommon; e.g., anaphylaxis)
- Iatrogenic (produced by treatment-hair loss)
- Side effects (routine, often tolerable, reversible when drug is discontinued-dry mouth)
- Contraindications (dangerous and ill-advised usw-pregnancy)
Resistance (lack of beneficial response)
- Classes of Drugs
Analgesics Anesthetics Antibiotics and antivirals Anticoagulants Anticonvulsants Antidepressants Antidiabetics Antihistamines Antiosteoporosis Cardiovascular Endocrine Gastrointestinal Respiratory Sedative-hypnotics Stimulants Tranquilizers
OCC PROGRAM SPECIFIC DRUGS
- The majority of your OCC ALH programs will cover pharmacology and have program specific drugs that must be mastered.
- Some programs require Pharmacology to be taken as a mandatory class.
- Recommended for all health care workers!
- Cardiovascular
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- Antiarrhythmics
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium antagonists or calcium channel blockers
- Cholesterol-lowering drugs
- Diuretics
- Endocrine Drugs
- Androgens
- Antiandrogens
- Estrogens
- Antiestrogen
- Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
- Progestins
- Thyroid hormone
- Glucocorticoids
- Gastrointestinal Drugs
- Antacids
- Antiulcer (e.g., histamine receptor blockers)
- Antidiarrheal
- Cathartics (laxatives or purgatives)
- Antinauseants (antiemetics)
addiction
Physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug
additive action
Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs in equal to the sum of the effects of each
aerosol
Particles of drug suspended in air
anaphylaxis
Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein
May be local or systemic
antagonistic action
Combination of two drugs gives less than an additive effect
antidote
Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug
brand name
Commercial name for a drug; trademark or trade name-look for ® sign
buccal
Against cheek
chemical name
Chemical formula for a drug
contraindications
Factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
controlled substances
Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction
dependence
Prolonged use of a drug that may lead to a physiologic need for its actions in the body
dose
Amount of drug administered
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
U.S. government agency with legal responsibility to enforce proper drug manufacture and clinical use
generic name
Legal noncommercial name for a drug
iatrogenic
Condition caused by treatment given by physicians or medical personnel
idiosyncratic reaction
Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient, but not seen in most people
inhalation
Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth
medicinal chemistry
Study of new drug synthesis
molecular pharmacology
Study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules
oral administration
Drugs are given by mouth
parenteral administration
Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins-OUTSIDE OF THE GI tract
pharmacist
Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs
pharmacy
Location for preparing and dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
pharmacodynamics
Study of drug effects within the body
pharmacokinetics
Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time
pharmacologist
Specialist in the study of properties, uses, and side effects of drugs
pharmacology
Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drug
Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)
Reference book that lists drug products-PAID ADVERTISMENT
receptor
Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body
rectal administration
Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum
resistance
Lack of beneficial response
response
Desired and beneficial effect of a drug
schedule
Exact timing and frequency of drug administration
side effect
Adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from use of a drug
sublingual administration
Drugs are given by placement under the tongue
synergism
Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone
syringe
Instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body
tolerance
Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect
topical application
Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
toxicity
Harmful effects of a drug
toxicology
Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body
transport
Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing
vitamin
Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health
aer/o
air
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
bronch/o
bronchial tube
chem/o
drug
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o
skin
erg/o
work
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
hist/o
tissue
hypn/o
sleep
iatr/o
treatment
lingu/o
tongue
myc/o
mold, fungus
narc/o
stupor
or/o
mouth
pharmac/o
drug
prurit/o
itching
pyret/o
fever
thec/o
sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
tox/o
poison
toxic/o
poison
vas/o
vessel
ven/o
vein
vit/o
life
ana-
upward,
anti-
against
contra-
against, opposite
par-
other than, apart
syn-
together, with
a.c., ac ACE ad lib APAP ARB b.i.d., bid c- Caps Cc FDA
a.c., ac: Before meals ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme ad lib: Freely, as desired APAP: Acetaminophen ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker b.i.d., bid: Two times a day c-: With Caps: Capsules Cc: Cubic centimeter FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
gm, g gtt h h.s., hs H2 blocker HRT IM INH IV MAOI
gm, g: Gram gtt: Drops h: Hour h.s., hs: At bedtime H2 blocker: Histamine h2 receptor antagonist HRT: Hormone replacement therapy IM: Intramuscular INH: Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent IV: Intravenous MAOI: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
mg ml, mL NPO NSAID p- p.c., pc PCA PDR PO, p.o. po p.r.n., prn
mg: Milligram ml, mL: Milliliter NPO: Nothing by mouth NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug p-: After p.c., pc: After meals PCA: Patient-controlled analgesia PDR: Physicians’ Desk Reference PO, p.o. po: By mouth p.r.n., prn: As needed, as necessary
Pt q q.h., qh q2h q.i.d., qid q.s.,qs qAM qPM Rx s-
Pt: Patient q: Every q.h., qh: Every hour q2h: Every 2 hours q.i.d., qid: Four times a day q.s.,qs: Sufficient quantity qAM: Every morning qPM: Every evening Rx: Prescription s-: Without
SERM Sig. SL s.o.s. SSRI SQ tab TCA t.i.d.,tid
SERM: Selective estrogen receptor modulator
Sig.: Directions – how to take medication
SL: Sublingual
s.o.s.: If it is necessary
SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
SQ: Subcutaneous
tab: Tablet
TCA: Tricyclic antidepressant
t.i.d.,tid: Three times daily
