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Medical Terminology > CHapter 21 Pharmacology > Flashcards

CHapter 21 Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Introduction

Drugs: 
Obtained from various sources:
 - Plants: 
 - Animals:
 - Synthesized in lab:
A

Drugs: medicines/substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease

Obtained from various sources:

- Plants: for example, digitalis
- Animals: for example, hormones
- Synthesized in lab: for example, methotrexate
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2
Q

Pharmacology Professionals

  • Pharmacist (PharmD)
  • Pharmacologist (MD or PhD)
  • Subspecialties include:
A
  • Pharmacist (PharmD)
  • Pharmacologist (MD or PhD)
  • Subspecialties include:
    + Medicinal chemistry (synthesize new drugs)
    + Molecular pharmacology (interaction of drugs and subcellular structures)
    + Chemotherapy (drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, malignant cells)
    + Toxicology (harmful effects of drugs and antidotes)
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3
Q
  • Biological Effects of Drugs
A
  • Pharmacodynamics: study of a drug’s effects in the body
  • Pharmacokinetics: study of a drug’s absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion over a period
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4
Q

Which term means below the skin?

Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intracavity
Transdermal

A

B: subcutaneous.

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5
Q
  • Drug Names, Standards, and References
A
  • Chemical name: exact chemical makeup
  • Generic name: legal and scientific name
  • Brand name: trademark of drug manufacturer

Ex:

  • Chemical name: 6-aminopenicillanic acid
  • Generic name: ampicillin
  • Brand name: Omnipen, Polycillin
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6
Q
  • Drug Standards and References
A
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  • United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
  • Hospital Formulary
  • Physicians’ Desk Reference® (PDR®)
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7
Q
  • Administration of Drugs
A
  • Oral-(PO)
  • Sublingual-SL
  • Rectal-R
  • Parenteral:
    + Intracavitary injection
    + Intradermal injection (ID)
    + Intramuscular injection (IM)
    + Intrathecal injection-think spinal
    + Intravenous injection-IV
    + Subcutaneous injection (SC)
  • Inhalation
  • Topical
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8
Q
  • Terminology of Drug Action
A
  • Receptor: target of drug
  • Action and interaction of drugs in the body:
    • Combination of two drugs
      + Additive action-1+1=2
      + Antagonistic-works against
      + Synergistic-1+1=3 (potentiation)
  • Other actions of drugs
    • Tolerance-waning action over time
    • Addiction-pt is physically or psychologically in need of the drug
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9
Q
  • Means that the combination of two drugs is greater than the total effects of each drug by itself:

synergism (potentiation)
tolerance
additive action
idiosyncrasy

A

A: synergism.

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10
Q
  • Drug Toxicity
A
  • Unwanted and potentially dangerous effects of drugs
  • Idiosyncrasy (unexpected and uncommon; e.g., anaphylaxis)
  • Iatrogenic (produced by treatment-hair loss)
  • Side effects (routine, often tolerable, reversible when drug is discontinued-dry mouth)
  • Contraindications (dangerous and ill-advised usw-pregnancy)
    Resistance (lack of beneficial response)
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11
Q
  • Classes of Drugs
A 
Analgesics
Anesthetics
Antibiotics and antivirals
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Antidepressants
Antidiabetics
Antihistamines
Antiosteoporosis
Cardiovascular
Endocrine
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Sedative-hypnotics
Stimulants
Tranquilizers
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12
Q

OCC PROGRAM SPECIFIC DRUGS

A
  • The majority of your OCC ALH programs will cover pharmacology and have program specific drugs that must be mastered.
  • Some programs require Pharmacology to be taken as a mandatory class.
    • Recommended for all health care workers!
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13
Q
  • Cardiovascular
A
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
  • Antiarrhythmics
  • Beta-blockers
  • Calcium antagonists or calcium channel blockers
  • Cholesterol-lowering drugs
  • Diuretics
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14
Q
  • Endocrine Drugs
A
  • Androgens
  • Antiandrogens
  • Estrogens
  • Antiestrogen
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
  • Progestins
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Glucocorticoids
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15
Q
  • Gastrointestinal Drugs
A
  • Antacids
  • Antiulcer (e.g., histamine receptor blockers)
  • Antidiarrheal
  • Cathartics (laxatives or purgatives)
  • Antinauseants (antiemetics)
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16
Q

addiction

A

Physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug

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17
Q

additive action

A

Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs in equal to the sum of the effects of each

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18
Q

aerosol

A

Particles of drug suspended in air

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19
Q

anaphylaxis

A

Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein
May be local or systemic

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20
Q

antagonistic action

A

Combination of two drugs gives less than an additive effect

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21
Q

antidote

A

Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug

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22
Q

brand name

A

Commercial name for a drug; trademark or trade name-look for ® sign

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23
Q

buccal

A

Against cheek

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24
Q

chemical name

A

Chemical formula for a drug

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25
Q

contraindications

A

Factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment

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26
Q

controlled substances

A

Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction

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27
Q

dependence

A

Prolonged use of a drug that may lead to a physiologic need for its actions in the body

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28
Q

dose

A

Amount of drug administered

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29
Q

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A

U.S. government agency with legal responsibility to enforce proper drug manufacture and clinical use

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30
Q

generic name

A

Legal noncommercial name for a drug

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31
Q

iatrogenic

A

Condition caused by treatment given by physicians or medical personnel

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32
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient, but not seen in most people

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33
Q

inhalation

A

Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth

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34
Q

medicinal chemistry

A

Study of new drug synthesis

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35
Q

molecular pharmacology

A

Study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules

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36
Q

oral administration

A

Drugs are given by mouth

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37
Q

parenteral administration

A

Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins-OUTSIDE OF THE GI tract

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38
Q

pharmacist

A

Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs

39
Q

pharmacy

A

Location for preparing and dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs

40
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

Study of drug effects within the body

41
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time

42
Q

pharmacologist

A

Specialist in the study of properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

43
Q

pharmacology

A

Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drug

44
Q

Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)

A

Reference book that lists drug products-PAID ADVERTISMENT

45
Q

receptor

A

Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body

46
Q

rectal administration

A

Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum

47
Q

resistance

A

Lack of beneficial response

48
Q

response

A

Desired and beneficial effect of a drug

49
Q

schedule

A

Exact timing and frequency of drug administration

50
Q

side effect

A

Adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from use of a drug

51
Q

sublingual administration

A

Drugs are given by placement under the tongue

52
Q

synergism

A

Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone

53
Q

syringe

A

Instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body

54
Q

tolerance

A

Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect

55
Q

topical application

A

Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

56
Q

toxicity

A

Harmful effects of a drug

57
Q

toxicology

A

Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body

58
Q

transport

A

Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells

59
Q

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

A

Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing

60
Q

vitamin

A

Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health

61
Q

aer/o

A

air

62
Q

alges/o

A

sensitivity to pain

63
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchial tube

64
Q

chem/o

A

drug

65
Q

cras/o

A

mixture

66
Q

cutane/o

A

skin

67
Q

erg/o

A

work

68
Q

esthes/o

A

feeling, sensation

69
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

70
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

71
Q

iatr/o

A

treatment

72
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

73
Q

myc/o

A

mold, fungus

74
Q

narc/o

A

stupor

75
Q

or/o

A

mouth

76
Q

pharmac/o

A

drug

77
Q

prurit/o

A

itching

78
Q

pyret/o

A

fever

79
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (of brain and spinal cord)

80
Q

tox/o

A

poison

81
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

82
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

83
Q

ven/o

A

vein

84
Q

vit/o

A

life

85
Q

ana-

A

upward,

86
Q

anti-

A

against

87
Q

contra-

A

against, opposite

88
Q

par-

A

other than, apart

89
Q

syn-

A

together, with

90
Q 
a.c., ac
ACE
ad lib
APAP
ARB
b.i.d., bid
c-
Caps
Cc
FDA
A 
a.c., ac: Before meals
ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme
ad lib: Freely, as desired
APAP: Acetaminophen
ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker
b.i.d., bid: Two times a day
c-: With
Caps: Capsules
Cc: Cubic centimeter
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
91
Q 
gm, g
gtt
h
h.s., hs
H2 blocker
HRT
IM
INH
IV
MAOI
A 
gm, g: Gram
gtt: Drops
h: Hour
h.s., hs: At bedtime
H2 blocker: Histamine h2 receptor antagonist
HRT: Hormone replacement therapy
IM: Intramuscular
INH: Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent
IV: Intravenous
MAOI: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
92
Q 
mg
ml, mL
NPO
NSAID
p-
p.c., pc
PCA
PDR
PO, p.o. po
p.r.n., prn
A 
mg: Milligram
ml, mL: Milliliter
NPO: Nothing by mouth
NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
p-: After
p.c., pc: After meals
PCA: Patient-controlled analgesia
PDR: Physicians’ Desk Reference
PO, p.o. po: By mouth
p.r.n., prn: As needed, as necessary
93
Q 
Pt
q
q.h., qh
q2h
q.i.d., qid
q.s.,qs
qAM
qPM
Rx
s-
A 
Pt: Patient
q: Every
q.h., qh: Every hour
q2h: Every 2 hours
q.i.d., qid: Four times a day
q.s.,qs: Sufficient quantity
qAM: Every morning
qPM: Every evening
Rx: Prescription
s-: Without
94
Q 
SERM
Sig.
SL
s.o.s.
SSRI
SQ
tab
TCA
t.i.d.,tid
A

SERM: Selective estrogen receptor modulator
Sig.: Directions – how to take medication
SL: Sublingual
s.o.s.: If it is necessary
SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
SQ: Subcutaneous
tab: Tablet
TCA: Tricyclic antidepressant
t.i.d.,tid: Three times daily

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