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Medical Terminology > Chap 18 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chap 18 Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Introduction Endocrine System

A
  • Glands release hormones.
  • Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.
  • Hormones bind to receptors.
  • Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.
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2
Q

ENDOCRINE glands—

EXOCRINE glands—

A
  • ENDOCRINE glands—
    Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
  • EXOCRINE glands—
    Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
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3
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands (four glands)
  • Adrenal glands (one pair)
  • Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
  • Pituitary gland
  • Ovaries (one pair)
  • Testes (one pair)
  • Pineal gland
  • Thymus gland
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4
Q
  • Thyroid Function
A
  • There are two hormones:
    + Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
    + Triiodothyronine (T3).
  • Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate.
  • Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone.
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5
Q

Parathyroid Function

Parathyroid hormone (PTH):

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream

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6
Q
  • Adrenal Glands: Location and Structure
A

Each gland has two parts

  • An outer portion, the adrenal cortex
    + Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol
  • An inner portion, adrenal medulla
    + Secretes catecholamines
    chemicals derived from amino acids
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7
Q
  • Function: Adrenal Cortex Secretes
A
  • Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences—SUGAR
  • Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes
    Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences—SALT
  • Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences—SEX
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8
Q

Function: Adrenal Medulla Secretes

A

Two types of catecholamine hormones

  • Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure
  • Both are sympathomimetic agents
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9
Q

PANCREAS

A
  • Located near and partially behind the stomach

- Exocrine and endocrine organ

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10
Q
  • Pancreas Function
A

Endocrine function
- Islets of Langerhans produce:
+ Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen
+ Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells

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11
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis
    + Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
    + Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
  • Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)
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12
Q
  • Pituitary Function
A

a. Anterior pituitary:
- Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
b. Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)
- Oxytocin (OT)

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13
Q

Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions

A

Ovaries secret:

 - Estrogen (Estradiol): female sexual characteristics 
 - Progesterone: mantains pregnancy

Testes secret:
- Androgen (Testosterone) : male sexual characteristics

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14
Q

Male (Testest)

Female (Ovaries)

A

Testes
- Hormone: testosterone
+ Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics

Ovaries
- Hormones: estrogen and progesterone
+ Maintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy

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15
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

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16
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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17
Q

ovaries

A

Located in the lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

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18
Q

pancreas

A

Located behind the stomach

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19
Q

parathyroid glands

A

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland

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20
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

Located at the base of brain in the sella turcica

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21
Q

testes

A

Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

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22
Q

thyroid gland

A

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

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23
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

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24
Q

Adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex

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25
Q

aldosterone

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt reabsorption

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26
Q

androgen

A

Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent)

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27
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidney

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28
Q

calcitonin

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels

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29
Q

cortisol

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar

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30
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

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31
Q

estradiol

estrogen

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

glucagons

A

estradiol: Estrogen secreted by the ovaries
estrogen: Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent)

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm production by testes

glucagons: Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas; increases blood sugar

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32
Q

growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

insulin

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

growth hormone (GH); somatotropin: Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues

insulin: Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen

luteinizing hormone (LH): Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males

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33
Q

norepinephrine

oxytocin (OT)

parathormone (PTH)

progesterone

A

norepinephrine: Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

oxytocin (OT): Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth

parathormone (PTH): Secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium

progesterone: Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy

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34
Q

prolactin (PRL)

somatotropin (STH)

testosterone

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin

A

prolactin (PRL): Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion

somatotropin (STH): Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone

testosterone: Male hormone secreted by the testes

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin: Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function

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35
Q

thyroxine (T4)

triiodothyronine (T3)

vasopressin

A

thyroxine (T4): Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism

triiodothyronine (T3): Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism

vasopressin: Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure

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36
Q

catecholamines

corticosteroids

electrolyte

glucocorticoid

A

catecholamines: Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla
corticosteroids: Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
electrolyte: Mineral salt found in blood and tissues
glucocorticoid: Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

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37
Q

homeostasis

hormone

hypothalamus

mineralocorticoid

A

homeostasis: Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
hormone: Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland
hypothalamus: Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
mineralocorticoid: Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body

38
Q

receptor

sella turcica

sex hormones

A

receptor: Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

sella turcica: Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland

sex hormones: Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics

39
Q

steroid

Sympatho-mimetic

target tissue

A

steroid : Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made

Sympatho-mimetic: Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

target tissue: Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

40
Q

The outer section of each adrenal gland is the:

adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
adrenaline
adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

B: adrenal cortex.

41
Q 
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males:
luteinizing hormone (LH)
estrodoil
oxytocin
prolactin
A

A: luteinizing hormone (LH).

42
Q
  • aden/o
A

gland

43
Q
  • adrenal/o
A

adrenal glands

44
Q
  • gonad/o
A

sex glands (ovaries, testes)

45
Q
  • pancreat/o
A

pancreas

46
Q
  • parathyroid/o
A

parathyroid gland

47
Q
  • pituitar/o
A

pituitary gland; hypophysis

48
Q
  • thyr/o
A

thyroid gland

49
Q
  • thyroid/o
A

thyroid gland

50
Q
  • andr/o
A

male

51
Q
  • calc/o, calici/o
A

calcium

52
Q
  • cortic/o
A

cortex, outer region

53
Q
  • crin/o
A

secrete

54
Q
  • dips/o
A

thirst

55
Q
  • estr/o
A

female

56
Q
  • gluc/o, glyc/o
A

sugar

57
Q
  • home/o
A

sameness

58
Q
  • hormon/o
A

hormone

59
Q
  • kal/I
A

potassium (an electrolyte)

60
Q
  • lact/o
A

milk

61
Q
  • myx/o
A

mucus

62
Q
  • natr/o
A

sodium (an electrolyte)

63
Q
  • phys/o
A

growing

64
Q
  • somat/o
A

body

65
Q
  • ster/o
A

solid structure

66
Q
  • toc/o
A

childbirth

67
Q
  • toxic/o
A

position

68
Q
  • ur/o
A

urine

69
Q
  • -agon
A

assemble, gather together

70
Q
  • -emia
A

blood condition

71
Q
  • -in, -ine
A

a substance

72
Q
  • -tropin
A

stimulating the function of

73
Q
  • -uria
A

urine condition

74
Q
  • eu-
A

good, normal

75
Q
  • hyper-
A

excessive, above

76
Q
  • hypo-
A

deficient, below

77
Q
  • oxy-
A

rapid, sharp, acid

78
Q
  • pan-
A

all

79
Q
  • poly-
A

much or increased

80
Q
  • tetra-
A

four

81
Q
  • tri
A

three

82
Q

Which term means surgical excision of the adrenal gland (specifically)?

Adenectomy
Adrenopathy
Adrenalectomy
Pancreatectomy

A

C: adrenalectomy.

83
Q

Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium?

Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Hypokalemia

A

D: hypokalemia.

84
Q

PATHOLOGY—THYROID GLAND

A

Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid

  • Hypersecretion
    Hyperthyroidism
    • > Graves’disease
      - Exophthalmos and proptosis
  • Hyposecretion
    Hypothyroidism
    -> Myxedema
    -> Cretinism
  • Neoplasms
    Thyroid carcinoma
85
Q

PATHOLOGY—PARATHYROID

A 
- Hypersecretion
    Hyperparathyroidism
          Loss of bone density
          Kidney stones
          Hypercalcemia
- Hyposecretion
    Hypoparathyroidism
          Muscle and nerve weakness 
         Tetany
         Hypocalcemia
86
Q

PATHOLOGY—ADRENAL CORTEX

A
  • Hypersecretion
    + Adrenal virilism
    Amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening
    + Cushing syndrome
    Obesity, moonface, thoracic fat deposition
  • Hyposecretion
    + Addison disease
    Deficient mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure
87
Q

PATHOLOGY—ADRENAL MEDULLA

A
  • Hypersecretion
    + Pheochromocytoma
    - Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
    - Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
    - Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms
88
Q

PATHOLOGY—PANCREAS

A
  • Hypersecretion
    + Hyperinsulinism
    Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting
  • Hyposecretion
    + Diabetes mellitus
    Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
    Type 1 : childhood onset, typically; can occur in adulthood
    Type 2 : adult onset, typically
89
Q

Pathology Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe)

A
  • Hypersecretion
    + Acromegaly
    + Gigantism
  • Hyposecretion
    + Dwarfism
    + Panhypopituitarism
90
Q

Pathology Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe)

A
  • Hypersecretion
    + Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
    Excess ADH
    Excess water retention
  • Hyposecretion
    + Diabetes insipidus
    Deficient ADH
    Polyuria and polydipsia
91
Q

Laboratory Tests

A
  • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
    • > Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
  • Serum and urine tests
    • > Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc., in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function
  • Thyroid function tests
    • > Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
92
Q

Clinical Procedures

Exophthalmometry
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
Thyroid scan
Ultrasound examination
A 
Exophthalmometry
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
Thyroid scan
Ultrasound examination

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