Exam 2 Study Guide

Question 1

Hippocrates of cos

Answer 1

considered the father of modern medicine
he recorded the beliefs that external factors in the enviornment were a cause of illness in humans

Question 2

incidence

Answer 2

measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a peroid of time

Question 3

prevalence

Answer 3

measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point of time

Question 4

rate

Answer 4

the primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period

Question 5

risk

Answer 5

the probability or likelihood that a diseases or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the probelm

Question 6

factors contribute to a rise in NCD

Answer 6

tobacco
alcohol
poor diet
lack of physical activity

Question 7

factors with community overall health

Answer 7

childhood and maternal undernutitional, other nutrition related risk factors and inactivity
additive substances
sexual and reproductive health
environmental risks (air pollution)

Question 8

cross cultural nursing

Answer 8

any nursing encounter in which the client and the nurse are from different cultures

Question 9

ability to recognize nursing actions that exhibit cultural competence

Answer 9

openness to other ideas and ways of life, respect, curiosity, patience, and self awareness of ones own culture, humility to know that one can always learn about another culture

Question 10

ethnocentrism

Answer 10

the assumption that others believe and behave as one own culture dose or the belief that ones own culture is superior to others

Question 11

relative risk ratio

Answer 11

the ratio of the indicence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the non exposed grouo

Question 12

crude rate

Answer 12

measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated by the entire population

Question 13

adjusted rate

Answer 13

statistical procedure that removes the effects the differences in the composition of a population such as age when comparing one to another

Question 14

sensitivity

Answer 14

positive

Question 15

specificity

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

infectious agents

Answer 16

biologic in nature and are capable of producing an infection or infectious disease and include bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi, protozoa, hemlines

Question 17

infectivity

Answer 17

ability of the agent to invade the host and replicate

Question 18

virulence

Answer 18

severity of the infectious disease that results from exposure to the agent

Question 19

pathogenicity

Answer 19

ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a suspecitble host

Question 20

chain of transmisison

Answer 20

agent
reservoir
portal exit
means of transmisison
portal of entry
host

Question 21

direct transmission

Answer 21

direct body surface to body contact and physical transfer of microorganism between a susceptible host and infected or coloized person

Question 22

indirect

Answer 22

contact of a susepctible host with a inanimate object, Ccalled a fomite, or vector

Question 23

carrier

Answer 23

a person or animal that harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others although having no symptoms of the disease

Question 24

how to avoid STD

Answer 24

abstinence
long term monogamous relationship

Question 25

STI symptoms

Answer 25

discharge or burning during urniation
unusual sore or rash

Question 26

three stages of microbial adaption

Answer 26

stage 1: epidemic occurs
stage 2: the infect becomes endemic or continouslu present in geographic area or population of people
stage 3: symbiosis is possible, further adaption occurs resulting in mutual tolerance and sometimes mutual benefit

Question 27

antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

microbial adaption and change in response to the overuse of antibiotics and consequent accumulation int he environment will cause the rapid evolution of resistant pathogens

Question 28

interrelated and overlapping microve

Answer 28

genetic and biologic
physical environmental
ecologic
social/politcal/econimic

Question 29

gold standard

Answer 29

randomized control trial

Question 30

descriptive

Answer 30

describes, hypothesis formation

case studies: research that involves analysis of individual or group or institution

survey research: representative sample of the population

cross sectional studies: study in which sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously

Question 31

analytic

Answer 31

causation
nonexpeirnemtanl
cohort/prosepectve/longitutial
case control/retrosepctive

experimental
preventive: preventive measure to the group and observe the results
therapeutic: certain treatment to the group and follow the group to study the results

Question 32

who should not get vaccines

Answer 32

allergies to eggs, egg proteins, antibiotics, preservatives, and adjuvants

Question 33

inactivate vaccines

Answer 33

good for pregnant or immunocomp

Question 34

cold chain

Answer 34

ensures vaccines kept at a designate temp