Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Hippocrates of cos
considered the father of modern medicine
he recorded the beliefs that external factors in the enviornment were a cause of illness in humans
incidence
measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a peroid of time
prevalence
measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point of time
rate
the primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period
risk
the probability or likelihood that a diseases or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the probelm
factors contribute to a rise in NCD
tobacco
alcohol
poor diet
lack of physical activity
factors with community overall health
childhood and maternal undernutitional, other nutrition related risk factors and inactivity
additive substances
sexual and reproductive health
environmental risks (air pollution)
cross cultural nursing
any nursing encounter in which the client and the nurse are from different cultures
ability to recognize nursing actions that exhibit cultural competence
openness to other ideas and ways of life, respect, curiosity, patience, and self awareness of ones own culture, humility to know that one can always learn about another culture
ethnocentrism
the assumption that others believe and behave as one own culture dose or the belief that ones own culture is superior to others
relative risk ratio
the ratio of the indicence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the non exposed grouo
crude rate
measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated by the entire population
adjusted rate
statistical procedure that removes the effects the differences in the composition of a population such as age when comparing one to another
sensitivity
positive
specificity
negative
infectious agents
biologic in nature and are capable of producing an infection or infectious disease and include bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi, protozoa, hemlines
infectivity
ability of the agent to invade the host and replicate
virulence
severity of the infectious disease that results from exposure to the agent
pathogenicity
ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a suspecitble host
chain of transmisison
agent
reservoir
portal exit
means of transmisison
portal of entry
host
direct transmission
direct body surface to body contact and physical transfer of microorganism between a susceptible host and infected or coloized person
indirect
contact of a susepctible host with a inanimate object, Ccalled a fomite, or vector
carrier
a person or animal that harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others although having no symptoms of the disease
how to avoid STD
abstinence
long term monogamous relationship
STI symptoms
discharge or burning during urniation
unusual sore or rash
three stages of microbial adaption
stage 1: epidemic occurs
stage 2: the infect becomes endemic or continouslu present in geographic area or population of people
stage 3: symbiosis is possible, further adaption occurs resulting in mutual tolerance and sometimes mutual benefit
antibiotic resistance
microbial adaption and change in response to the overuse of antibiotics and consequent accumulation int he environment will cause the rapid evolution of resistant pathogens
interrelated and overlapping microve
genetic and biologic
physical environmental
ecologic
social/politcal/econimic
gold standard
randomized control trial
descriptive
describes, hypothesis formation
case studies: research that involves analysis of individual or group or institution
survey research: representative sample of the population
cross sectional studies: study in which sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously
analytic
causation
nonexpeirnemtanl
cohort/prosepectve/longitutial
case control/retrosepctive
experimental
preventive: preventive measure to the group and observe the results
therapeutic: certain treatment to the group and follow the group to study the results
who should not get vaccines
allergies to eggs, egg proteins, antibiotics, preservatives, and adjuvants
inactivate vaccines
good for pregnant or immunocomp
cold chain
ensures vaccines kept at a designate temp
