Chapter 15 Emerging Infectious Diseases Flashcards
emerging infectious diseases
global threat affects the stability of nations and entire planet
2 classifications of emerging infectious diseases
newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease
reappearance of a known infectious disease after its decline with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or specific population
convergence model
takes the 13 factors that contribute to remerregence and groups them into 4 categories
convergence model 4 groups
genetic/biologic
physical/enviornmental
ecological
social/political/econimic
antigenic drift
slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA/RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts
antigenic shift
sudden change in the DNA/RNA resulting in a new strain of the microorganism and people have little or no acquired immunity
3 stages of microbial adaption
- epidemic
- saviors left with improved defense and becomes endemic
- symbiosis is possible mutual tolerance and mutual benefit for both microorganism and host
what happens as microbes adapt over the centuries
illness they produce become less acute
symptoms are milder, fewer organism are involved as immunity develops
lymes disease rash
bullseye
what is the most commonly reported vector borne disease in the USA
lymes
how do tics get the disease
gets it from the deer but the deer is never affected
how to prevent lymes disease
DEET
clear well defined trails
long clothes
don’t rewear clothes
how to remove tics
use tweasers
don’t use vaseline, fire, or alcohol
in TB mycobacterium spreads via
droplet nuclei
TB usually affects the
lungs
S/S of TB
bad cough lasting 3 weeks
pain in chest
weakness/fatigue
rust colored sputum
weight loss/anorexia
night sweats
chills/fever
TB risk factors
tight living quarters
below/at poverty line
refugee/immigrant
immune system
substance abusers
kids less than 5 years
medications for TB
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
rifampin
isoniazid INH
streptomycin
pyrazinamide
watch out for gout (esp. in diabetes/kidney)
ethambutol
report vision problems
peripheral neuropathy
rifampin
turns body fluids orange
stains contacts
less effective birth control
isoniazid INH
decreased vit B6
peripheral neuropathy
streptomycin
CN VIII
hearing
DOT
direct observation of patient taking medication help increase adherence
VDOT
video directly observed therapy
testing procedures
PPD- skin
blood test
if someone has vaccines what will the PPD look like
positive
5 mm PPD
living with HIV
organ transplants
immunosuppressed
10 mm PPD
abuse drugs
high risk congregate settings
low body weight
younger than 5 years
15mm PPD
positive in people with no known risk factors
skin interpretation depends on
measurement in mm of induration
person risk of TB infection or the risk of progression to TB disease if infected
latent TB
no symptoms
cannot spread
positive blood/PPD
need meds
can go to active quick
active TB
has symptoms
may spread
positive PPD/blood
abnormal CXR
