Chapter 6 Epidemiology: The Science of Prevention Flashcards
who is considered the father of modern medicine
hippocrates
an outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of a diseases beyond that which is normally found in the population
epidemic
model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host, agent, and environment
epidemiologic triad
study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations, used both as a research methodology to study states of health and illness, and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of a specific state of health or illness
epidemiology
course of a disease or condition from the onset to resolution
natural history
epidemic usually limited to a localized increase in the incidence of the illness
outbreak
primary measurement used to describe either the occurence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness
rate
probability or likelihood that a disease or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the problem
risk
characertsitcs or events that have been shown to increase the probability that a specific disease or illness will develop
risk factore
epidemiologic model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while deemphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness
web of causation
epidemiologic model that de emphasizes the agent as the sole cause of disease while emphasizing the interplay of physical, biologic, and social enviornemtns
wheel of causation
endemic
certain amount of disease that is constant in a community
epidemiology
- study of the ___________ and _____________ of states of health and illness in human populations
distribution, determinants
epidemiology is used in 2 ways
research methodology
body of knowledge
goals of epidemiology
prevent or limit the consequences of illness and disability in humans, as well as to maximize their state of health
states of health and illness include
health, disease, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality
epidemic relates to increased incidence or prevalence
incidence
what illness are developed countries moving towards
noncommunicable
why are developing countries moving toward noncommunicable diseases
living longer, having treatment for infections
what did John Graunt do
bills of mortality
study of illness in groups of people
what did William Farr do
took graunts work father
early statistician
set up the system for the consistent collection of the numbers and causes of death
what did Farr do with the number of death
compared them to occupation, gender, and imprisionment
what did John Snow
remove the handle to the broad street pump
what diagram did Florence create
polar area diagram
what was Florence a pioneer of
epidemiologist
Florence stated that statistics provide an
organized way of learning from experience
3 types of epidemiologic models
triad
wheel
web
what does the triad show
host, agent, enviornment
single causation
what does the wheel of causation emphasize
interplay of physical, biologic, and social enviornment
web of causation
multiple levels of potential varaibles
deemphasizes the role of agents in explaining illness
complex relationship between all risk factors
what should we assess
individual and community
data gathered
person place and time
assessment
hypothesis formulated
data analyzed
diagnosis
plans are made
planning
actions are initiated
implementation
actions are evualated
evaluation
two different types of risk factors
modifiable and nonmodficable
obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking are all what types of risk factors
modifiable
primary prevention
prepathogenesis
- health promotion
- specific protection
secondary prevention
early pathogenesis
- early diagnosis and prompt treatment
- disability limitation
tertary prevention
convalescence
- rehab
- tertiary prevention
immunization
primary
screening
secondary
the peroid of pathogenesis begins when there are biologic, psychological, or other responses within the host
secondary
rehab that enables the individual to function at his or her maximum capacity
tertiary
who do we need to assess the readiness of
community
BRFSS behavioral risk factor surveillance
collect, analyze, and interpret specific behavioral risk factors helps plan, implement, and monitor health promotion and disease prevention programs
outbreaks are usually limited to
localized increase in incidence of the illness
