Chapter 7 Describing Health Conditions: Understanding and Using Rates

Question 1

what is the most basic measurement

Answer 1

frequency

Question 2

how to get a ratio

Answer 2

dividing one quanity by another

Question 3

proportion is a type of

Answer 3

ratio

Question 4

what is the difference between a ratio and proportion

Answer 4

proportion includes the quantity in the numerator as a part of the denominator

Question 5

what does proportion demonstrate

Answer 5

relationship of a part to a whole

Question 6

rate defitnion

Answer 6

primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given time peroid

Question 7

rates are the best indicator of

Answer 7

the risk (probability) that a specific disease, condition, or event will occur

Question 8

why do we use rates rather than counting the cases

Answer 8

rates take into consideration the size of the population at risk and the time frame into account

Question 9

what can rates indicate

Answer 9

indicidence or prevalence

Question 10

in a rate everyone included in the denominator should be

Answer 10

at risk for the event in the numerator

Question 11

rate formula

Answer 11

number of conditions or events within a designated peroid of time
_____________________________________
population at risk during the same period

X multiple of 10

Question 12

specific rates calculated by person, place, and time provide

Answer 12

the best description of a health condition

Question 13

crude rate defintion

Answer 13

measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population

Question 14

crude rate can lead to

Answer 14

bias of data

Question 15

what is bias of data

Answer 15

calculating crude rates may obscure important information
EX: entire population in its denominator, births can occur only to females who are childbearing age

Question 16

if we have bias of data then what can we do to fix this

Answer 16

statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the composition of a population, such as age, when comparing one with another

Question 17

age adjusted rates are meaningful only as

Answer 17

a comparision

Question 18

incidence rate

Answer 18

measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time

Question 19

indcidence

Answer 19

new

Question 20

prevalence

Answer 20

new and old

Question 21

prevalence rate

Answer 21

measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point in time

Question 22

peroid prevelaence

Answer 22

existence of a condition during a peroid of time

Question 23

point prevalence

Answer 23

at a specific point in time or may refer to an event that happens to different people at different times

Question 24

prevalence is influence by two factors

Answer 24

number of people who have developed the condition in the past
duration of illness

Question 25

prevalence rate formula

Answer 25

number of exisitng cases
___________________________
total population

Question 26

indcident rate fomula

Answer 26

number of new cases in given time period
_________________________________________
population at risk in same time peroid

Question 27

what does the denominator of incidence include

Answer 27

those only at risk

Question 28

things that can impact prevalence

Answer 28

increase in incidence = increase
increase in reoccurrence = increase

increase in cure = decreases
increase in death = decreases

Question 29

incidence density

Answer 29

use of a person-time denominator int he calucaiton of rates

Question 30

person day reflects

Answer 30

one person at risk for one day

Question 31

person year represents

Answer 31

person at risk for 1 year

Question 32

attributable risk

Answer 32

difference between incidence rates in an exposed group and unexposed group

Question 33

relative risk ratio

Answer 33

the ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the indicence rate in the non exposed group

Question 34

PMR does what

Answer 34

compares deaths form a specific illness to deaths from all other causes

Question 35

incidence density formula

Answer 35

new cases occurring during the study peroid
_______________________________________
person time units accumulated by subjects during the study peroid

Question 36

attributable risk formula

Answer 36

incidence rate in the exposed - incidence rate in the non exposed

Question 37

attributable risk formula measures

Answer 37

risk of a condition

Question 38

1.0 relative risk

Answer 38

risk is equal for both groups

Question 39

> 1 relative risk

Answer 39

greater risk to the exposed group
(Risk factor 6 = 6 time more likely to develop it)

Question 40

<1 relative risk

Answer 40

may show protective property against the condition under study
not usually very common

Question 41

sensitivity

Answer 41

the ability of a test to identify correctly people who have the health problem under study

Question 42

sensitivity test

Answer 42

positive

Question 43

specificity

Answer 43

the ability of a test to correctly identify people who do not have a health problem

Question 44

specificity test

Answer 44

negative

Question 45

what is the test that is useful for a rare disease

Answer 45

sensitivity