Exam 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Essay:
What is implicit bias? How can this affect the nursing care you provide?

Question 1

Essay:
What is a health disparity, where some of the causes, and what might be an upstream approach to this problem?

Question 2

Essay:
What are the stages to trasntheoretical change model and how can you use this model when using motivational interviewing communication skills?

Question 3

Essay:
Please list three major changes that have occurred to bring about change in the 21st century health care

Question 4

Essay:
Please describe in your own words the 8 principles of public health nursing

Question 5

Determinants of health

Answer 5

factors that affect an individuals overall health and well being
EX: persons inherited characteristics, features, and traits

Question 6

Social determinants of health

Answer 6

social conditions where people live work and play

Question 7

Five primary social determinants

Answer 7

Healthcare access and quality
neighborhood and built enviornment
social and community context
economic stability
education access and quality

Question 8

Health disparities

Answer 8

differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one population when compared with another

Question 9

three major changes that have occurred in the 21st century

Answer 9

patient centered care
increased use of technology
increased personal responsibility

Question 10

patient centered care

Answer 10

consideration of cultural traditions, personal preferences, values, families, and lifestyles

Question 11

What shift occurs due to patient centered

Answer 11

broader range of outcomes needs to be measured from the patients perspective to understand the true benefits and risks of healthcare inteventions

Question 12

HiTech

Answer 12

provide monetary incentives for physicians and hospitals to use EHR

Question 13

Physicians who have not implemented Hi Tech have difficulty

Answer 13

coordinating care
evaluating quality of care
avoiding medial errors

Question 14

8 principles of public health nursing

Answer 14

1. Client is the population
2. Primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people
3. Public health nurses collaborate with the client as an equal partner
4. primary prevention is the priority in selecting activites
5. Focuses on strategies that create healthy environmental/social/econimic conditions in which populations might thrive
6. obligated to actively identify and reach out to all who will benefit from actives
7. optimal use of avaible resources and creation of new evidence based strategies is necessary to assure the best overall improvement in health
8. collaboration with other professions./populations/organizations

Question 15

public health intervention wheel

Answer 15

17 different interventions where the actions can be taken on behalf of the individual, families, communities, and systems to protect or improve health status

Question 16

why engage in evidence based practice

Answer 16

increase the quality of care of a patient

Question 17

epidemiology

Answer 17

science of prevention
knowelege of natural history of diseases and the risk factors that increase a persons susceptibility

Question 18

theory of reasoned action

Answer 18

behavior model
emphasizes that the individuals performance of a given behavior is primarily determined by a persons intention to perform that behavior

Question 19

three challenges of the 21st century public health nursing

Answer 19

engaging in evidence based practice
helping eliminate health disparities in underserved communities
demonstrating cultural competence

Question 20

outreach

Answer 20

locates populations at risk, provides information, identifies possible actions, and identifies access to services

Question 21

surveillance

Answer 21

monitors health events through ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for planning, implementing. and evaluating public health interventions

Question 22

screening

Answer 22

idetinfies individuals with unrecognizable risk factors or asymptomatic conditions

Question 23

case management

Answer 23

involves the coordination of plan or process to bring health services and the self care capabilities of the client together as a common whole in a cost effective way

Question 24

role of federal government regulation of public health

Answer 24

creates policy, financing, and regulatory enforcement asseshealth problems intervenes by making policy ensure that services are delivered - food, drugs, devices, occupational health, enviornment

Question 25

agency involved in refugees and asylees

Answer 25

US department of health and human services (USDHHS)

Question 26

research surveillance

Answer 26

monitors research through ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions

Question 27

philanthropic

Answer 27

directly assist the common good of populations through their endowment funds

Question 28

government funding

Answer 28

involves the allocation of tax funds to state governments in support of public health programs - block grants

Question 29

politics

Answer 29

process of influencing the allocation of resources needed to enable policies and involves the strategies needed to achieve the desired goals

Question 30

policy

Answer 30

set of principles that govern an action to achieve a given outcome or guidelines that direct individuals behavior toward a specific goal

Question 31

health policy

Answer 31

impact on the health of the individual, family, population or community

Question 32

cost benefit analysis

Answer 32

cost to the provider that is the actual and direct cost of providing a service

Question 33

quality of care

Answer 33

degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired outcomes and are consistent with current knowledge IHI - safety - effectivness - patient centerdness - timliness - equality

Question 34

three benefits of affordable care act

Answer 34

provides expanded coverage access with reduced cost extended the age of children's insurance coverage

Question 35

nurses focus on modifiable risks

Answer 35

suggest that nurses work to prevent the incidence and prevalence of various illnesses in communities primarily through primary prevention

Question 36

Nongovernmental organizations

Answer 36

use privative fundraising to address the needs of individuals, families, and populatiosn

Question 37

What areas are regulated by federal government

Answer 37

food drugs devices occupational health environment

Question 38

steps of policy making process

Answer 38

setting an agenda policy formation policy adoption policy implementaion policy assessment policy modification

Question 39

cost basis analysis defintion

Answer 39

considering the original price of an asset plus any cost associated with buying the assets subtracting cost basis from market value will leave you with the capital gain or loss

Question 40

transtheoretical stage of change

Answer 40

precontemplation contemplation prepration action maintience relapse

Question 41

transtheoretical stage - maintence must occur for how long

Answer 41

6 mo

Question 42

health belief model

Answer 42

behavior change model that considers the SEVERITY of the potential illness or physical challenge, the level of SUSCEPTIBILITY, the BENEFITS, of taking preventative action, and the CHALLENGES (BARRIERS) that may be faced in taking action toward the goal of health promotion. CUES TO ACTION allow a person to recognize what is happening to them, whereas SELF EFFICACY allows a person to question whether or not they can do it

Question 43

health belief model key words

Answer 43

severity susceptibility benefits challenges cues to action self efficacy

Question 44

health literacy

Answer 44

degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate decisions

Question 45

who helped develop the children's bureau

Answer 45

Lillian wald

Question 46

who helped developed American red cross

Answer 46

Clara Barton

Question 47

learning model skinner

Answer 47

behavior change model emphasizing reinforcement of social competence, problem solving, autonomy and sense of purpose. Reinforcers can either be intrinsic or extrinsic

Question 48

motivational learning

Answer 48

interviewer is actively seeking to understanding the persons frame of reference through relective listing. the interviewer is also expressing acceptance and affirmation throughout. The interview is responsible for eliciting and selecting reinforcing motivational statements of problem recognition, concern, desire, intention, and ability to change. The interviewer also monitors the degree of readiness to change to ensure the resistance is not generated by clinical control. The most important thing that the interviewer does os affirming freedom of choice and direction

Question 49

logic model

Answer 49

used when visual representation of the intervention being implemented is required. It can include the particular program, who it is directed at, what is going to be accomplished, when is ti going to be implemented, why is it going to be implemented, major milestones are identified

Question 50

SMART goals

Answer 50

specific measurable achievable relevant time bound

Question 51

assessment frameworks for community assessments

Answer 51

epidemilogic approach to community assessment geographic information systems community as partner frameworek functional health status approach developmental models community assessment asset based approach collaborative model

Question 52

Public health in the second half of the century

Answer 52

greater emphasis on increasing the demand for services in the community now that the threat of infectious disease was diminishing due to improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and housing

Question 53

early 20th century federal healthcare initiaitves

Answer 53

Spanish american war brought the tranning of many new nurses resulting in the establishment of army/navy nurse corps

Question 54

Mary Breckinridge

Answer 54

improve infant and maternal health in rural Kentucky

Question 55

Florence nightingale

Answer 55

mother of nursing soldiers were dying from illness than combat during the Crimean war recognized the link between poor sanitation and poor health outcomes and wanted to break the link

Question 56

Lillian wald

Answer 56

MOTHER OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING recognized the poor conditions of immigrants in the lower east side of New York was established by Henry street

Question 57

Clara Barton

Answer 57

civil war presented to congress a plan to have a neutral service in times of war established the American red cross

Question 58

Dorthea Dix

Answer 58

recognized the poor conditions of the mentally ill and prisoners, this lead to mental hospitals which improved the lives

Question 59

Lemuel shattuck

Answer 59

devised the shattuck report - recommended the establishment of state health department and local health boards attempted to write the first comprehensive public health code

Question 60

need for organized public health system

Answer 60

growing need due to containous diseases brought by seamen

Question 61

American social values were strongly influenced by

Answer 61

british

Question 62

colonies were focused on

Answer 62

sanitation viral statistics control of infectious diseases