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exam 2 review Flashcards

exam 2

1
Q

These patients have their major problem in repeating

A

conduction aphasia

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2
Q

Broca’s area location

A

inferior frontal gyrus

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3
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

dominant parietal lobe

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4
Q

Neurons in the lower part of the motor strip (near the Sylvian or lateral fissure) give rise to the

A

corticobulbar tract

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5
Q

It separates the frontal and parietal and temporal lobes.

A

lateral sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)

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6
Q

This sulcus runs almost perpendicular to the lateral sulcus and separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

the central sulcus

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7
Q

Limbic projections (primarily from the amygdala) project to this nucleus which projects to prefrontal cortex.

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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8
Q

This nucleus projects to somatosensory cortex

A

Ventral posterior medial/lateral nucleus; VPM/VPL

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9
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus projects to

A

primary auditory cortex

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10
Q

controls the autonomic nervous system

A

the hypothalamus

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11
Q

is essential for fear conditioning.

A

The amygdala

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12
Q

Is essential for factual or declarative memory

A

hippocampus

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13
Q

The fiber bundle connecting Wernicke’s and Broca’s area. Imprtant for repetition of the spoken word.

A

Arcuate fasiculus

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14
Q

Somatosensory information from both the spinothalamic pathway and dorsal column pathways relay through the the _____ nucleus of the thalamus

A

VPL

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15
Q

The _____nucleus receives sensory input from the sensory trigeminal nuclei and from nucleus solitarius

A

VPM

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16
Q

what vessel supplies Broca’s area?

A

middle cerebral artery

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17
Q

Executive function and planning

A

prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe

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18
Q

methematical and arithmetic function

A

parietal lobe

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19
Q

PTSD, panic disorder

A

Limbic

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20
Q

axons of _____ cells of the retina from the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

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21
Q

VMN (ventromedial nucleus)

A

Satiety center

  • lesion to here resulted in animals that continued to eat and did not appear to reach satiation
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22
Q

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

A

controls circadian rhythms, master clock of the brain

  • receives direct retinal input that tells it whether it is day or night
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23
Q

Supraptic nucleus

A

synthesizes oxytocin and vasopressin

  • part of the magnocellular system that regulates secretion from the posterior pituitary
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24
Q

anterior hypothalamus and preoptic area

A

important for heat dissipation

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25
Q

ventral anterior and central nuclei receive input from

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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26
Q

dorsomedial nucleus is a ____ nucleus

A

limbic

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27
Q

dorsomedial nucleus receives input from the

A

amygdala and other limbic structures

  • it also has interconnections with the prefrontal association cortex
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28
Q

lesion to the posterior nucleus leads to

A

hypothermia because it is involved in heat conservation

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29
Q

destruction to the lateral nucleus

A

leads to starvation because it induces feeding behavior

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30
Q

Fusiform gyrus is found in the

A

temporal lobe

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31
Q

pain is appreciated at the

A

thalamic level

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32
Q

lenticulostriate arteries supply to the

A

basal ganglia and internal capsule

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33
Q

small lacune in the internal capsule can disrupt

A

corticospincal and corticobulbar tracts

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34
Q

degeneration of the caudate nucleus

A

huntigton’s dx

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35
Q

lesions of the subthalamic nucleus

A

hemiballismus

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36
Q

which structure in the limbic system that when stimulated created a pleasurable feeling?

A

Septal area

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37
Q

Damage to what structure is associated with Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Mamillary body

  • associated with alcohol abuse
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38
Q

chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine

other symptoms:

  • problems learning new information
  • inability to remember recent events
  • confabulation
  • apathy
  • lack of insight
A

korsakoff

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39
Q

which structure is most involved with memory information

A

hippocampus

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40
Q

which nuclei of the thalamus receive input from the limbic system

A

dorsomedial nucleus

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41
Q

black bone spicule

A

retinitis pigmentosa

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42
Q
  • decreased vision at night or low in light
  • loss of peripheral vision
  • loss of central vision in advance cases
A

retinitis pigmentosa

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43
Q

most common cause of blindness amongst the elderly

A

age-related macular degeneration

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44
Q
  • blurred central vision
  • typically does not affect peripheral vision
  • straight lines may appear distorted
A

age-related macular degeneration

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45
Q
  • patchy blind spots in side vision

- caused by a buildup of pressure in the eye leading to damage in the optic nerve head

A

glaucoma

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46
Q

glaucoma progression

A

widening of inner yellow area known as the cup

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47
Q

Glaucoma open angle

A

no symptoms until severe

-slow progressive peripheral vision loss

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48
Q

glaucoma closed angle

A
  • sudden, severe pain
  • steamy vision
  • rainbow like halos
  • red eye
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49
Q

agranular cellular organization

A

motor cortex

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50
Q

paracentral lobule

A

motor is rostral and sensory is caudal

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51
Q

thalamus blood supply is the

A

PCA

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52
Q

lower part of the calcarine fissure sees the

A

superior eye field

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53
Q 
Increased tone (spasticity)
Increased DTRs, clonus
UE tends to be flexed, LE tends to be extended
Babinski sign present
Less atrophy
A

UMN

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54
Q 
Decreased tone (flaccidity)
Decreased DTRs
Fasisculations
Babinski sign absent
More atrophy
A

LMN

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55
Q

lack of responsibility and insight, indifference
Abulia: slowed response to environment
Hypersexuality, incontinence, emotional lability

A

Frontal lobe lesion

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56
Q

frontal release signs

A
  1. suck, snout, palmomental, grasp refelxes

2. Gegenhalten- variable resistance to passive movement of limbs

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57
Q

superior optic radiation lesion

A

pie in the floor

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58
Q

Gerstamann

A

dominant parietal lobe lesion

Finger agnosia
Acalculia
Left-right confusion
Agraphia

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59
Q

non-dominant parietal lobe syndrome

A
  • denial of deficit
  • spatial difficulty
  • extinction
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60
Q

temporal lobe lesion

A
  • auditory integration
  • memory disturbance
  • visual eye deficit- Meyer’s “pie in the sky”
  • wernicke’s aphasia
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61
Q

expressive aphasia

fluency?
comprehension?
repetition?
location

A

Broca’s

fluency is impaired
comprehension is intact
repetition is impaired
location is in inferior frontal lobe

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62
Q

Receptive aphasia

fluency?
comprehension?
repetition?
location

A

Wernicke’s

fluency is intact
comprehension is impaired
repetition is impaired
location is in superior temporal lobe

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63
Q

Conduction aphasia

fluency?
comprehension?
repetition?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

  • fluency is intact
  • comprehension is intact
  • repetition is impaired
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64
Q

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Cortical blindness

A

occipiral lobe syndromes

65
Q

anton’s syndrome

A

denial of blindness

66
Q

balint’s syndrome

A
  • simultagnosia
  • optic ataxia
  • occulomotor apraxia
67
Q

large vessel vascular syndromes are usually caused by

A

embolic or thrombotic

68
Q

vascular stroke:

Contralateral weakness
Ipsilateral monocular vision loss (amaurosis fugax)

A

internal carotid artery

69
Q

vascular stroke:

Leg more than arm weakness/sensory deficit
Language spared

A

Anterior cerebral artery

70
Q

vascular stroke:

Arm more than leg weakness/sensory deficit
Aphasia on left, dysprosody on right
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia/quadrantanopia
Gaze deviation towards side of lesion

A

middle cerebral artery

71
Q

vascular stroke:

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Alexia without agraphia (left PCA involving splenium)

A

Posterior cerebral artery

72
Q

small vessel lacunar syndromes are caused by

A

hypertension/ lipohyalinosis

73
Q

vessel stroke:

pure motor hemiplegia

A

internal capsule or ventral pons

74
Q

vessel stroke:

pure hemisensory loss

75
Q

vessel stroke:

sensorimotor

A

thalamocapsular

76
Q

vessel stroke

clumsy hand dysarthria

A

Internal capsule, ventral pons, or corona radiata

77
Q

vessel stroke:

ataxia hemiparesis

A

ventral pons, internal capsule

78
Q

watershed stroke

A

acute hypoperfusion

  • barrel man
  • ACA-MCA: proximal >distal weakness in amr and leg
  • MCA-PCA: visuospatial deficit (Balint’s syndrome)
79
Q

acute management for stroke

A
  • head CT
  • MRI brain
  • cardiac evaluation
  • check for DM/HN
  • tPA
80
Q

long term management

A
  • antiplatelet agent
  • anticoagulation
  • statin
  • decrease risk factors
81
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

  • causes
  • location
  • uncommon location
A
  • causes: HTN
  • location: basal ganglia>pons>thalamus> cerebellum
  • uncommon location in cortical white matter
82
Q

anuerysms

A

outpouching due to weakness of vessel wall

  • occur at birfucations
  • rupture leads to SAH
83
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs commonly in

84
Q

epilepsy at least ___ unprovoked seizures

85
Q

petit mal seizures

A
  • generalized spike and wave EEG
  • occurs in children

-

86
Q

myoclonic

A
  • jerking seizure
87
Q

generalized clonic/ tonic

A

tonic: body stiffening
clonic: rhythmic activity

88
Q

intra-axial tumors

A

tumors that form from brain itself

89
Q

Gliomas

A

intra-axial

  • astrocytoma/glioblastoma
  • ependymoma
  • oligodendroglioma
90
Q

neuronal tumors

A

intra-axial

  • dysembryonic neuroepihtelial tumor
  • favors temporal lobe
91
Q

ependymoma

A

originates in ventricles, hydrocephalus is common

92
Q

oligodendroglioma

A

slow growing, good prog, seizures common

93
Q

fried egg

A

oligodendroglioma

94
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

schwannoma

95
Q

pituitary adenoma, craniopharygioma

A

neurofibroma

96
Q

brain tumors that are external to the brain

  • slow growing
  • good prognosis
A

meningioma

97
Q

crank case oil- cystic

A

sellar mass tumor: craniopharyngioma

98
Q

CNS is derived from the

99
Q

anterior (cranial) neuropore closes at day ___

failure leads to

A

25

  • leads to anencephaly
100
Q

posterior (caudal) neuropore closes at day ____

failure leads to

A

27

  • leads to spina bifida
101
Q

lissencephaly

A

malformation of neuronal and glial proliferation

102
Q

polymicrogyria

A

malformation of neuronal cortical organization

103
Q

heterotopias

A

malformation of neuronal migration

104
Q

MS:

relapse remitting

A

reverts back to baseline between attacks

105
Q

MS:

relapsing progressive

A

reverts not quite back to baseline between attacks

106
Q

MS:

secondary progressive

A

coverts to a progressive course

107
Q

MS:

Primary progressive

A

progressive course from onset

108
Q

MS is a ____ matter generally occuring at

A

white and occurs at myelinating neurons

109
Q

is an acquired loss of higher cortical function involving more than one faculty (memory, language, planning, etc) sufficient to cause problems in daily life.

110
Q

is an acute confusion state that is reversible when the precipitating factor is removed

111
Q

Loss of memory, executive function, visuospatial impairment, language, behavior

A

Alzheimer’s

112
Q

hallucinations, psychosis

A

lewy body dementia

113
Q

Stepwise progression of cognitive decline

A

vascular dementia

114
Q

Social disinhibition, abulia

A

frontotemporal dementia

115
Q

senile plaques

A

beta-amyloid

116
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

tau protein

117
Q

alz. familial causes

A

autosomal dominant and early onset:

APP/ presenillin 1 (gamma secretase)

118
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of CSF in the ventricles; leading to parkisonian motor disorder and dementia

119
Q

stuporous

A

responds to voice and pain but really aware

120
Q

coma that is subcortical

A

no eye movements

121
Q

PVS

  • environment?
  • cortex and brainstem function?
A
  • no interaction with environment

- brainstem is working but cortex is not

122
Q

locked in syndrome is due to a

A

ventral pontine lesion

123
Q

Middle meningeal artery rupture
Between dura and skull
Skull fracture
Lucid interval

124
Q

Rupture of bridging veins
Between dura and brain
Can be both acute and chronic
Involved trauma can be mild (esp. in elderly)

125
Q

coup injury

A

contusion at the area of injury

126
Q

contrecoup injury

A

contusion at area opposite of injury

127
Q

head trauma can lead to _____ which means you need to:

  1. elevate head of bed
  2. hyperventilation
  3. osmotic diuretics
  4. barbituate coma
  5. CSF drainage
  6. hemicraniectomy
A

intracranial pressure

128
Q

CA1 neurons in the hippocampus are sensitive to

129
Q

Pure motor stroke

A

internal capsule

130
Q

corticospinal tract is always

131
Q

Pure sensory stroke

132
Q

anterior nucleus of the thalamus goes to the

133
Q

Pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus goes to the

A

association cortices

  • parietal, occipital, temporal
134
Q

original Papez circuit

A
  1. mammillary bodies
  2. anterior thalamic nucleus
  3. cingulate gyrus
  4. hippocampal
135
Q

New papez circuit consider

A
  1. prefrontal cortex
  2. association cortex
  3. amygdala
  4. hypothalamus
136
Q

____ –> hippocampus –> CA1/2/3

A

dentate gyrus

137
Q

bilateral lesion to the hippocampal formation leads to what type of amnesia?

A

anterograde

138
Q

decreasing response to a sensory stimulus

A

habituation

139
Q

increasing response to a sensory stimulus

A

sensitization

140
Q
  • associating two sensory stimuli
A

associative conditioning

141
Q

learning and memory require changes in ____ strength

142
Q

short term memory depends on ______ but not ______

A

depends on protein phosphorylation but not on protein synthesis

143
Q

long term memory depends on protein phosphorylation and protein synthesi

144
Q

NMDA receptors are essential for

A

associative conditioning

145
Q

two anterior pituitary hormones that are inhibited by substance from the hypothalamus

Name the inhibitor and the inhibiteeee

A
  1. Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone

2. Dopamine inhibits prolactin

146
Q

prosencephalon forms the ___

made up by the

A

forms the forebrain

made up by

  1. telenccephalon
  2. diencephalon
147
Q

mesencephalon forms the _____

148
Q

rhombencephalon forms the _______

made up by the

A

forms the hindbrain

made up by the

  1. metencephalon
  2. myelencephalon
149
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral hemisphere

150
Q

diencephalon

151
Q

mesencephalon

152
Q

melencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

153
Q

myelencephalon

154
Q

Balint’s syndrome is caused by

A

not enough perfusion between MCA and PCA

155
Q

malformation:

neuronal and glial proliferation

A

lissencephaly

156
Q

malformation:

neuronal cortical organization

A

polymicrogyria

157
Q

malformation:

neuronal migration

A

heterotopia

158
Q

ventral pontine lesion

A

locked-in-syndrome

Neuroscience (35 decks)

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