brainstem: medulla Flashcards
exam 1
lesions of long tract in brainstem result in a
contralateral deficit
does the medulla contain dorsal or ventral horns? What about white funiculi?
Nope, nope and nope
Alar plate gives rise to
sensory neurons
basal plate gives rise to
motor neurons
motor nuclei are _______ to sensory nuclei in the brainstem
medial
somatosensory nuclei are
most lateral
visceromotor and viscerosensory nuclei are
adjacent to the sulcus limitans
somatic motor column
hypoglossal nucleus
branchial motor column
N.Ambiguus
visceral motor column
dorsal motor nucleus of X
visceral sensory column
nucleus solitarius
somatic sensory column
spinal nucleus of V
were are most cranial nerve nuclei found?
in rostral medulla
where is the essential center for heart rate and respiration
in medullary reticular formation
what is important of the foramen of Luschka and Magendie
CSF exits to surround the CNS
the only visceral sensory nucleus in medulla
nucleus solitarius
major parasympathetic nucleus in the medulla
dorsal motor nucleus of X
innervation of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
hypoglossal nucleus
innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and soft palette
nucleus ambiguus of IX and X
pain and temperature from the face and oral cavity
spinal V
what are the two major pathways that decussate in the closed/caudal medulla?
- motor decussation of the pyramidal tract
2. sensory decussation of the posterior/dorsal column pathway
pre-central gyrus
primary motor cortex
explain what happens if there is a lesion in the lateral corticospinal tract that are in the upper medulla and explain if the lesion was in the spinal cord
- upper medulla: because the fibers have not yet decussated any lesions here would have contralateral deficits
- at spinal cord level: fibers have decussated and thus any lesions would have ipsilateral deficits
group of neuronal cell bodies that function as a relay center on the coordination of information between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum
inferior olivary nucleus
medial meniscus is formed from the fibers of the
dorsal/posterior column pathway
where does the spinothalamic tract travels in the spinal cord and where is it localized in the medulla?
travels in the lateral funiculus and remains localized in the lateral aspect of the medulla
hypoglossal lesions leads to paralysis of the tongue on the __________ and what happens?
side of the lesion and tongue deviates to the side of the lesion
nucleus ambiguus lesion results in hoarsness and difficulty in swallowing in addition to (2)
- drooping of the soft palate
2. deviated uvula to unaffected side
nucelus solitarious receives ____ and ____ from the viscera via cranial nerves VII, IX and X
taste and sensation
lesions to the spinal nucleus of V results in
ipsilateral deficits
spinal nucleus of V receives pain and temperature from the
face
provides cortical input to the motor cranial nerve nuclei
corticobulbar pathway
what is so special of the corticobulbar pathway?
innervates motor nuclei bilaterally except to the the lower face which has contralateral innervation
the PPRF or lateral gaze center is located in the
caudal pons
Where does CN V enters the brainstem
in the mid pons
huge afferent tract to the cerebellum from the pons
middle cerebellar peduncle
occlusion of the _______ can result in locked-in syndrome if there is bilateral destruction of the base of the pons
basilar artery
contains crossing fibers in the auditory pathway
trapezoid body (caudal pons)
lateral medullary lesions can result in ________
Horner’s syndrome
auditory information is distributed ___________ in the CNS
bilaterally
auditory information ascends bilaterally in the ____ ____ to the inferior colliculus which projects to the _____ ____ which projects to the auditory cortex
ascends in the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus which projects to the medial geniculate which projects to the auditory cortex
communication between the nuclei CN V! and the contralateral CN III is provided by the
MLF- medial longitudinal fasciculus
fibers of the facial nerve (CN VII) loop around the _____ _____ before exiting the brainstem
abducens nucleus (CN VI)
nuclei of CN ____ are found throughout the brainstem
V
level of the entry of the trigeminal nerve and the principal sensory nucleus and the motor nucleus of V
Mid-Pons
locked- in syndrome
results from bilateral damage to the base of the pons
N. solitarious receives input from
CN VII, CN IX, CN X
Axons leaving N. Ambiguus travel with
CN IX and CN X
Spinal V receives input primarily from
CNV but also VII, IX, and X
damage to a cranial nerve or CN nucleus results in an ______ deficit
ipsilateral
damage to the long tracts result in a _______ deficit
contralateral
the lateral gaze center (PPRF) is located in the area of the nucleus of
CN VI
tegmentum is prominent at
all levels s
tectum is prominent at
the midbrain only
from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen
nigrostriatal
from VTA to limbic structures “reward circuit”
Mesolimbic
from VTA to prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe functions)
mesocortical
receives input from cerebellum origin of rubrospinal tract
red nucleus
relay station in auditory pathway
inferior colliculi
