CNS injury

Question 1

Can CNS regenerate after damage? what about PNS?

Answer 1

only PNS can regenerate

Question 2

what is the clinical treatment of CNS/PNS damage?

Answer 2

reducing extent of damage

Question 3

Damaged neurons release __________ causing excitotoxicity and further cell death

Answer 3

glutamate

Question 4

Damaged axons _______ from brain to points posterior to site of damage

Answer 4

interrupt signaling

Question 5

Loss of axon transmission causes _______ deprived cell death weeks later.

Answer 5

neurotrophin-

Question 6

greatest source of cell death

Answer 6

neutrophin loss

Question 7

what is the first thing we can do for neuronal survival? what else can we potentially do?

Answer 7

reduce swelling and apply factors to directly or engineered cells

Question 8

How can we reduce swelling?

Answer 8

methylpredisone
surgical decompression
hypothermia

Question 9

how can we alter terrain?

Answer 9

• embryonic grafts
• engineered bridges with collagen or seeded with growth factors or cells that secrete factors
• replacing myelin and oligodendrocytes

Question 10

what is the role of inhibitors in neuronal damage?

Answer 10

there are inhibitors that normally inhibit the regeneration of neuronal cells thus a potential therapy is to block these inhibitors that could lead to regeneration

Question 11

examples of normal inhibitors

Answer 11

MAG, NOGO and Rho

Question 12

what do we still need even if we block inhibitors blocking regeneration?

Answer 12

guidance factors to achieve correct axon regrowth and functional recovery

Question 13

____ nerves have a greater capacity ofr regrowth

Answer 13

PNS

Question 14

GAP43

Answer 14

tubulin and actin increase

Question 15

for the stem cell and regnerative medicine what has been accomplished in animal models?

Answer 15

that cells can differentiate into neurons and glia and release BDNF

Question 16

What factors exacerbate severity after spinal cord injury?

Answer 16

1) Excitotoxicity
2) swelling within verterbral column
3) Damage at one vertebral level interrupting transmission at all points below
4) Subsequent loss of neurotrophins leadng to cell death

Question 17

What interventions could enhance growth and reconnection after spinal cord injury?

Answer 17

1) Preventing swelling (methylprednisolone, cracking vertebral column)
2) Providing permissive substrate for growth
3) Blocking myelin and glial scar based inhibitors
4) Providing neurotrophins
5) Adding local guideposts
6) Stem cells
7) Neuroengineering