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Gross II > Exam 2: Mediastinum > Flashcards

Exam 2: Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between pleural cavities

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2
Q

Imaginary plane that separates superior and inferior mediastinum

A

From sternal angle to T4-T5

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3
Q

Sternal angle indicates level of

A
  1. Superior and inferior mediastinum
  2. Articulation of 2nd rib w/ sternum
  3. Aortic arch
  4. Bifurcation of trachea
  5. Upper border of pulmonary trunk
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4
Q

Blood vessels within superior mediastinum

A

Superior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta and branches

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5
Q

Structures located within superior mediastinum

A

Thoracic duct
Trachea
Esophagus
Thymus

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6
Q

Nerve located within superior mediastinum

A

Vagus
Left recurrent laryngeal
Phrenic

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7
Q

3 compartments of inferior mediastinum

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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8
Q

Anterior mediastinum location

A

Anterior to pericardial sac

Posterior to sternum

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9
Q

Contents of anterior mediastinum

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Sternopericardial ligaments

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10
Q

Middle mediastinum bounded by

A

Pericardial sac

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11
Q

Contents of middle mediastinum

A

Heart
Pericardium
Roots of great vessels
Main bronchi

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12
Q

Posterior mediastinum location

A

Posterior to pericardial sac

Anterior to T5-12

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13
Q

Structures located in posterior mediastinum

A

Esophagus

Thoracic duct

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14
Q

Blood vessels located within posterior mediastinum

A

Thoracic aorta
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein

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15
Q

Nerves located within posterior mediastinum

A

Vagus nerve

Splanchnic nerves

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16
Q

Contents of BOTH superior and inferior mediastinum

A 
Vagus nerve
Phrenic nerve
Thymus
Thoracic duct
Esophagus
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17
Q

Trachea begins at

A

Inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6)

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18
Q

Trachea consists of

A

15-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings

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19
Q

Rings of trachea function

A

Prevent trachea form collapsing

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20
Q

Trachea bifurcates into _____ at the level of _____

A

Right and left main bronchi; sternal angle (IVD T4/5)

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21
Q

Carina location

A

Within trachea, at bifurcation

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22
Q

Carina separates

A

Openings of right and left main bronchi

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23
Q

Trachea lies anterior to ______ and posterior to ____

A

Anterior to esophagus

Posterior to arch of aorta

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24
Q

Trachea deviates to

A

Right

To accommodate aorta

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25
Q

Right main bronchus is ____________ than left main bronchus

A

Shorter, wider, more vertical

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26
Q

Right main bronchus gives off ______ BEFORE entering hilum

A

Superior lobar bronchus

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27
Q

Right main bronchus divides into ____________ WITHIN hilum

A

Middle and inferior lobar bronchi

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28
Q

The 3 lobar bronchi of right lung then divide into

A

10 segmental bronchi

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29
Q

Left main bronchus is ______ than right main bronchus

A

Longer, narrower, more horizontal

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30
Q

Left main bronchus divides into

A

Superior and inferior lobar bronchi (within hilum)

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31
Q

The 2 lobar bronchi of left lung divide into

A

10 segmental bronchi

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32
Q

Foreign objects during aspiration usually enter

A

Right main bronchus

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33
Q

Lowest point in tracheobronchial tree where cough reflex stimulated

A

Carina

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34
Q

Once object passes carina

A

Coughing stops

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35
Q

Blood supply to trachea

A

Inferior thyroid artery

Bronchial arteries

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36
Q

Innervation of trachea

A

Vagus nerve

Sympathetic trunk

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37
Q

Surfaces of each lung

A

Costa
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic

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38
Q

Hilum is on what surface of lung

A

Mediastinal

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39
Q

What structures pass through hilum

A

Vessels, nerves, bronchi

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40
Q

Structures that form root of lung

A
  1. Bronchi
  2. Pulmonary vessels
  3. Bronchial vessels
  4. Nerves
  5. Lymphatics
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41
Q

Root of lung covered with

A

Pleura

42
Q

Pleura that is prolonged downward as double layered membrane called

A

Pulmonary ligament

43
Q

Fissures on right lung

A

Oblique fissure

Horizontal fissure

44
Q

Right lung has how many lobes

A

3: superior, middle, inferior

45
Q

Features of right lung

A

Grooves for azygos vein, esophagus, superior vena cava, R brachiocephalic vein and the cardiac impression

46
Q

Left lung fissures

A

Oblique fissure

47
Q

Left lung has how many lobes

A

2: superior and inferior

48
Q

Features of left lung

A
  1. Lingula
  2. Cardiac notch
  3. Cardiac impression
  4. Groove for aorta
  5. Groove for left subclavian A
49
Q

Functional units of the lung

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

50
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of

A
  1. Segmental bronchus
  2. Branch of pulmonary artery
  3. Lung tissue
  4. Septum
51
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments are clinically important

A

Can be surgically removed without affecting function adjacent segments

52
Q

Trachea primary tissue

A

Cartilage rings

53
Q

Main bronchi primary tissue

A

Cartilage rings

54
Q

Lobar bronchi primary tissue

A

Cartilage plates

55
Q

Segmental bronchi primary tissue

A

Smooth muscle

56
Q

Bronchioles primary tissue

A

Smooth muscle

57
Q

Alveoli primary tissue

A

Membrane

58
Q

Inflammation of segmental bronchi

A

Bronchitis

59
Q

Inflammation of bronchioles

A

Bronchiolitis

60
Q

Inflammation of alveoli

A

Pneumonia

61
Q

Divisions of trachea

A

Trachea—main bronchi—lobar bronchi—segmental bronchi—bronchioles—alveoli

62
Q

Innervation of lungs

A

Vagus — parasympathetic and sensory

Sympathetic trunk — sympathetic and sensory

63
Q

Sympathetic activation produces

A

Bronchial dilation, vasoconstriction, decreases glandular secretion

64
Q

Parasympathetic activation produces

A

Bronchial constriction, vasodilation, increases glandular secretion

65
Q

Asthma caused by

A

Spasms of smooth muscle in segmental bronchi and bronchioles

66
Q

Extrinsic asthma

A

Triggered by allergens

67
Q

Intrinsic asthma

A

Triggered by stress, cold, exercise

68
Q

Lungs and tracheobronchial tree are rich in lymphatics to

A

Fight infection — lungs are interface w/ environment

69
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Primary tumor of bronchus

70
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma directly related to

A

Cigarette smoking and air pollution

71
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma often causes enlargement of

A

Sentinel node

72
Q

Diaphragm separates

A

Thorax from abdomen

73
Q

Diaphragm is a fibromuscular dome-shaped structure with

A

Right and left domes

74
Q

Which dome of diaphragm is higher and why

A

Right because it overlies the liver

75
Q

2 parts of diaphragm

A

Muscular part and central tendon

76
Q

3 points of origin of diaphragm

A

Sternal
Costal
Lumbar

77
Q

Openings in diaphragm

A

Caval opening
Esophageal hiatus
Aortic hiatus

78
Q

Caval opening located at

A

T8

79
Q

Caval opening transmits

A

Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve

80
Q

The inferior vena cava firmly attached around caval opening in order to

A

Facilitate venous return

81
Q

Esophageal hiatus located at

A

T10

82
Q

Esophageal hiatus transmits

A

Esophagus and anterior and posterior vagal trunks

83
Q

Aortic hiatus located at

A

T12

84
Q

Aortic hiatus transmits

A

Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein

85
Q

Innervation to diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

Intercostal nerves

86
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Upper part of stomach protrudes into esophageal hiatus

Major cause of GERD

87
Q

Upon inspiration what happens to volume and pressure

A

Volume increases

Pressure decreases

88
Q

Upon expiration what happens to volume and pressure

A

Volume decreases

Pressure increases

89
Q

During piston movement what contracts

A

Diaphragm; pulls domes inferiorly

90
Q

Piston movement causes increase in

A

Vertical diameter

91
Q

During bucket handle movement what elevates

A

Lower ribs (7-10th)

92
Q

Bucket handle movement causes increase in

A

Transverse diameter

93
Q

During pump handle movement what elevates

A

Upper ribs (2-6)

94
Q

Pump handle movement causes increase in

A

Antero-posterior diameter

95
Q

Elevation of ribs in bucket and pump handle movements due to

A

Contraction of external intercostals

96
Q

In NORMAL expiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

97
Q

In FORCED expiration

A

Internal intercostals, innermost intercostals and anterior ab muscles contract

98
Q

Forced expiration includes

A

Coughing, sneezing, clearing airway

99
Q

Contraction of diaphragm has opposite effect on abdomen than thorax—

A

Abdominal volume decreased while intra-abdominal pressure increased

100
Q

Hiccups are result of

A

Spasmodic contraction of diaphragm

Irritation of phrenic nerve

Gross II (29 decks)

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