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Gross II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression via branches of

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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2
Q

Sensory innervation to face via branches of

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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3
Q

3 major branches of trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

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4
Q

Ophthalmic Nerve distribution

A

Face and scalp

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5
Q

Maxillary nerve distribution

A

Cheek and area lateral to orbit

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6
Q

Mandibular nerve distribution

A

Chin and temporal Region

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7
Q

Branches of Ophthalmic Nerve

A 
Supraorbital N
Supratrochlear N
External Nasal N
Infratrochlear N
Lacrimal N
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8
Q

Branches of Maxillary N

A

Zygomaticotemporal N
Zygomaticofacial N
Infraorbital N

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9
Q

Branches of Mandibular N

A

Auriculotemporal N
Buccal N
Mental N

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10
Q

Most frequently injured nerve with blows to face; common in boxers

A

Infraorbital nerve

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11
Q

Tear production

A

Lacrimal N

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12
Q

Supplies cheek

A

Buccal N

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13
Q

Supplies chin

A

Mental N

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14
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

A

Sudden attaches of severe pain occurring in area of sensory distribution of trigeminal nerve

Often due to touch

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15
Q

Branches of CN V affected in Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

A 
Maxillary division (MC)
Mandibular division (2nd MC)
Ophthalmic division (lease common)
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16
Q

Spinal trigeminal nucleus extends down to ___ and is involved with ___ from the face

A

C4

Pain reception

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17
Q

Sensory innervation o posterior aspect of neck and scalp from

A

Dorsal primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4

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18
Q

Greater Occipital N from

A

Posterior primary ramus of C2

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19
Q

Greater Occipital N supplies

A

Occipital region

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20
Q

Third Occipital N from

A

Posterior primary ramus of C3

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21
Q

Third Occipital N supplies

A

Upper part of back of neck

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22
Q

Posterior Primary Ramus of C4 supplies

A

Lower part of back of neck

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23
Q

__ is strictly motor nerve

A

C1

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24
Q

Sensory innervation of anterior and lateral aspect of neck from

A

Ventral Primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4

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25
Q

Cervical Plexus formed by

A

Anterior primary rami of C1-C4

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26
Q

C5-C8 supply sensory innervation to skin of

A

Upper limb

*brachial plexus

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27
Q

Lesser Occipital N

A

C2

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28
Q

Lesser Occipital N supplies

A

Lateral part of occipital region, posterior to ear

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29
Q

Great Auricular N

A

C2

C3

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30
Q

Great Auricular N supplies

A

Angle of mandible
Area inferior to ear

*accompanies external jugular vein

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31
Q

Transverse Cervical N

A

C2

C3

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32
Q

Transverse Cervical N supplies

A

Anterior surface of neck (throat)

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33
Q

Supraclavicular N

A

C3

C4

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34
Q

Supraclavicular N supplies

A

Lateral surface of neck

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35
Q

3 subdivisions of Supraclavicular N

A
  1. Medial Supraclavicular N
  2. Intermediate Supraclavicular N
  3. Lateral Supraclavicular N
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36
Q

Parts of Ansa Cervicalis

A

Superior Root (C1 or C1 and C2)

Inferior Root (C2 and C3)

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37
Q

Ansa Cervicalis supplies 3 of 4 infrahyoid muscles:

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

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38
Q

Thyrohyoid (4th infrahyoid muscle) receives innervation from

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve

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39
Q

Phrenic N originates from

A

C3, C4, C5

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40
Q

Phrenic N is motor to ___ and sensory to some membranes of __ and ___

A

Diaphragm

Thorax and abdomen

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41
Q

Platysma

Origin

A

Superficial Fascia over pectoralis major and deltoid Muscles

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42
Q

Platysma

Insertion

A

Lower border of mandible and angle of mouth

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43
Q

Platysma

Nerve

A

Cervical branch of facial N (CN VII)

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44
Q

Platysma

Function

A

Depresses mandible and draws down corner of mouth

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45
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

Origin

A

Sternal head from front of manubrium, clavicular head from medial third of clavicle

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46
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

Insertion

A

Lateral surface of mastoid process, lateral half of superior nuchal line

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47
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

Nerve

A

Accessory N (CN XI)

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48
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

Function

A

Chief flexor of head

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49
Q

Torticollis

A

Pathological contraction of Sternocleidomastoid

Head tilted toward, face turned away from affected side

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50
Q

Types of Torticollis

A
  1. Congenital
    - results from fibrous tissue tumor
  2. Muscular
    - due to birth injury
  3. Spasmodic
    - abnormal tonicity
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51
Q

Trapezius

Origin

A

External occipital protuberance
Ligamentum nuchal
Spinous process of 7th C and all T

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52
Q

Trapezius

Insertion

A

Lateral third of clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion process

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53
Q

Trapezius

Nerve

A 
Accessory N (CN XI)
C3 and C4 from cervical plexus
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54
Q

Trapezius

Function

A

Upper portion elevates, middle portion retracts, lower portion depresses scapula

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55
Q

External jugular vein drains

A

Face and scalp

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56
Q

External jugular vein formed immediately below

A

Parotid gland

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57
Q

Union of __ and __ makes up external jugular vein

A

Retromandibular vein

Posterior Auricular vein

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58
Q

Tributaries of external jugular vein

A 
Retromandibular vein 
Posterior Auricular vein 
Posterior external jugular vein 
Anterior jugular vein 
Transverse cervical vein 
Suprascapular vein
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59
Q

Prominent external jugular vein can indicate

A

Congestive heart failure or obstruction of superior vena cava

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60
Q

___ triangle lies in front of sternocleidomastoid

A

Anterior triangle

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61
Q

___ triangle lies behind sternocleidomastoid

A

Posterior triangle

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62
Q

Boundaries of posterior triangle

A

Anterior : posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Posterior: anterior border of trapezius
Inferior: superior border of middle third of clavicle

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63
Q

Important visceral structures of neck are found in

A

Anterior triangle

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64
Q

Boundaries of anterior triangle

A

Superior: inferior border of mandible
Anterior: anterior midline
Posterior: anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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65
Q

Apex of anterior triangle lies inferiorly at

A

Jugular notch

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66
Q

Subdivisions of anterior triangle

A
  1. Submental
  2. Submandibular (digastric)
  3. Carotid
  4. Muscular
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67
Q

Only anterior triangle subdivision that is unpaired

A

Submental triangle

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68
Q

Boundaries of submental triangle

A

Left and right anterior bellies of digastric, body of hyoid bone

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69
Q

Floor of submental triangle

A

Mylohyoid muscle

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70
Q

Contents of submental triangle

A

Minor veins and lymph nodes

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71
Q

Boundaries of submandibular triangle

A

Infer border of mandible, anterior belly of digastric, posterior belly of digastric

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72
Q

Flood of submandibular triangle

A

Mylohoid and hyoglossus Muscles

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73
Q

Contents of submandibular triangle

A

Submandibular gland, internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal N (IX) and vagus N (X)

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74
Q

Boundaries of carotid triangle

A

Posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

75
Q

Floor of carotid triangle

A

Portions of thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, Inferior and middle constrictor Muscles

76
Q

Contents of carotid triangle

A 
External carotid artery 
   Superior thyroid artery 
   Lingual artery 
   Facial artery 
Tributaries of internal jugular vein 
Parts of common and internal carotid arteries
77
Q

Boundaries of muscular triangle

A

Superior belly of omohyoid
Anterior midline
Anterior border of SCM

78
Q

Muscular triangle floor

A

Posterior layer of pretracheal fascia

79
Q

Contents of muscular triangle

A 
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyroid gland
Trachea 
Esophagus
80
Q

___ does not articulate with any other bone

A

Hyoid bone

81
Q

Parts of hyoid

A

Body
Greater horn
Lesser horn

82
Q

Function of infrahyoid muscles

A

Move hyoid bone and larynx

83
Q

4 infrahyoid Muscles

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

84
Q

__ and ___ make up superficial layer of infrahyoid muscles

A

Omohyoid

Sternohyoid

85
Q

__ and __ make up deep layer of infrahyoid muscles

A

Sternothyroid

Thyrohyoid

86
Q

Why are there 4 muscles to depress hyoid bon and larynx

A

Swallowing
Breathing
Speech
If hyoid fixed, digastric depresses mandible

87
Q

Superficial cervical fascia

A

Encloses platysma, contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymph nodes

88
Q

Deep cervical fascia divisions

A

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

Pretrachael fasica

Prevertebral fascia

Carotid sheath

89
Q

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

A

Encloses SCM and trapezius

90
Q

Pretracheal fascia

A

Encloses thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus

91
Q

Prevertebral fascia

A

Encloses vertebral column and deep muscles of back

92
Q

Carotid sheath contains

A 
Common carotid artery 
Internal carotid artery 
Internal jugular vein 
Vagus nerve 
Deep cervical lymph nodes
93
Q

Functions of cervical fascia

A

Provide slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movements of neck and head and swallowing

94
Q

Boundaries of superior thoracic aperature

A

First thoracic vertebra
First ribs and cartilages
Manubrium of sternum

95
Q

Arteries that pass through superior thoracic aperature

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Internal thoracic artery

96
Q

Veins that pass through superior thoracic aperature

A

Brachiocephalic vein

97
Q

Nerves that pass through superior thoracic aperature

A

Phrenic
Vagus
Recurrent laryngeal
Sympathetic trunk

98
Q

Viscera that pass through superior thoracic aperature

A 
Trachea 
Esophagus
Cervical pleura 
Apex of lung
Thymus
99
Q

Thymus produces

A

T lymphocytes

100
Q

Blood supply to thymus

A

Internal thoracic artery

101
Q

Innervation of thymus

A

Stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus

102
Q

Thyroid produces

A

Thyroxine and calcitonin

103
Q

___ percent of thyroid glands have pyramidal lobe

A

50%

104
Q

Levator glandulae thyroideae muscle connects

A

Isthmus of thyroid gland to hyoid bone

105
Q

Arteries to thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid artery
(From external carotid artery)

Inferior thyroid artery
(From thyrocervical trunk)

106
Q

Thyroid ima artery

A

Inconstant branch to thyroid gland, from brachiocephalic trunk

107
Q

Veins to thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid vein
(To internal jugular vein)

Middle thyroid vein
(To internal jugular vein)

Inferior thyroid vein
(To brachiocephalic vein)

108
Q

Innervation to thyroid

A

From superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

109
Q

Endemic goiter

A

Due to dietary deficiency of iodine

Gland enlarges to increase output- hormone largely inactive

Symptoms are those of hypothyroidism

110
Q

Exophthalmic goiter

A

Due to autoimmune disease

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin bind to receptor site and cause overactivity of gland

Hormone active

Symptoms similar to those of hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

111
Q

Parathyroid glands involved in

A

Calcium homeostasis

112
Q

Blood supply to parathyroid glands

A

Inferior thyroid artery

Superior thyroid artery

113
Q

Innervation to parathyroid glands

A

Inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

114
Q

Factors that make thyroid surgery difficult

A

Parathyroid glands
Vascularity
Recurrent laryngeal nerve

115
Q

Trachea begins at larynx at

A

C6

116
Q

Posterior gap of incomplete cartilaginous rings of trachea spanned by

A

Trachealis muscle

117
Q

Blood supply to trachea

A

Inferior thyroid artery

118
Q

Innervation to trachea

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

119
Q

Esophagus begins at neck at level

A

C6

120
Q

Main arteries of head and neck are

A

Left and right common carotid arteries

121
Q

Esophagus lies posterior to the

A

Trachea

122
Q

2 branches of the common carotid artery

A

Internal carotid artery and external carotid artery

123
Q

Pathway of the internal carotid artery

A

Enters the skull through the carotid canal (in the temporal bone) to supply blood to the brain

124
Q

External carotid artery supplies:

A

Neck, face, and scalp (structures external to the skull)

125
Q

Branches of the external carotid artery

A
  1. Superior thyroid
  2. Ascending pharyngeal
  3. Lingual
  4. Facial
  5. Occipital
  6. Posterior Auricular
  7. Superficial Temporal
  8. Maxillary
126
Q

Terminal branches of the external carotid

A

Superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery

127
Q

Carotid sinus

A

A slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid.

Is a baroreceptor (blood pressure sensor)

128
Q

Carotid sinus innervation

A

Carotid sinus nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

129
Q

Carotid Body

A

Small reddish-brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

A chemoreceptors that detects the changes in the chemical makeup of blood in the carotid.

130
Q

Carotid Body innervation

A

Carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

131
Q

Internal Jugular vein

A

Largest vein of the neck

132
Q

Internal jugular vein pathway

A

Begins at jugular foramen as the direct continuation of thee sigmoid sinus. It drains into the brachiocephalic vein

133
Q

Superior jugular bulb

A

The dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin blow the jugular foramen

134
Q

Tributaries of the Internal Jugular Vein

A
  1. Inferior Petrosal Sinus
  2. Pharyngeal Veins
  3. Facial Vein
  4. Lingual Vein
  5. Superior Thyroid Vein
  6. Middle Thyroid Vein
135
Q

Inferior Jugular Bulb

A

The dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein

136
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

A

Emerges from the medulla oblongata and passes through the jugular foramen.

137
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) branches

A
  • Tympanic Nerve
  • Branch to the Carotid sinus
  • Pharyngeal Branch
  • Branch to the Stylopharyngeus
  • Tonsillar Branch
  • Lingual Branch
138
Q

Tympanic Nerve

A

Sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland

139
Q

Branch to the carotid sinus

A

Sensory to tooth the carotid sinus and carotid body

140
Q

Pharyngeal Branch

A

Unites with branches from the vagus and sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus. Sensory to the pharynx

141
Q

Branch to the Stylopharyngeus

A

Motor to the stylopharyngeous muscle

142
Q

Tonsillar branch

A

Sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate

143
Q

Lingual branch

A

Supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue

144
Q

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

A

The longest cranial nerve

145
Q

Vagus means

A

Wanderer

146
Q

Pathway of vagus nerve

A

Emerges from the medulla oblongata, exits the skull through the jugular foramen, along with the gollosopharyngeal and accessory nerves

147
Q

2 ganglia of the vagus

A
  1. Superior (jugular) ganglion: located in jugular foramen

2. Inferior (Nodose) ganglion

148
Q

Branches of the vagus in the head and neck

A
  1. Meningeal branch
  2. Auricular branch
  3. Pharyngeal branch
  4. Superior Laryngeal Nerve
  5. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
149
Q

Meningeal branch

A

Arises from the superior ganglion and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation

150
Q

Auricular branch

A

Arises form the superior ganglion. Provides sensory innervation to the auricle, floor of the external auditory meats, and the tympanic membrane

151
Q

Pharyngeal branch

A

Arises from the inferior ganglion.

The chief motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate.

152
Q

Pharyngeal plexus

A

Made when the pharyngeal branch of the vagus joins the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk.

Motor to all muscles of the pharynx (except Stylopharyngeus) and to all muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)

153
Q

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

A

Arises from the inferior ganglion and divides into the Internal Laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve

154
Q

Internal Laryngeal Nerve

A

Sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal cords

155
Q

External Laryngeal Nerve

A

Motor to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles

156
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

A

Sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds, and to the trachea.

Motor to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

157
Q

Unilateral Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Respiratory distress, hoarseness (partial aphonia)

158
Q

Bilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Complete aphonia (muteness). May result in suffocation (in cases of spastic paralysis)

159
Q

Causes of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A
  • Trauma during thyroid surgery
  • Goiter or thyroid tumor
  • Lung tumor
  • Aortic aneurysm (left side only)
160
Q

2 Parts of the Accessory Nerve

A

Cranial: originates from Medualla Oblongata
Spinal: originates from the sides of the spinal cord

161
Q

Pathway of cranial part of accessory nerve

A

The cranial party of the accessory nerve joins the vagus just about the inferior vagaries ganglion and supplies the vagus with motor fibers

162
Q

Cranial Accessory nerve supplies motor fibers to:

A
  • Pharyngeal branch of the vagus: to muscles of the pharynx and the soft palate
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve: to the muscles of the larynx
163
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

Motor nerve to the tongue

164
Q

Hypoglossal pathway

A

Originates in medulla oblongata, exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal, loops downward and forward, deep to the posterior belly and intermediate tendon of the digastric

165
Q

Branches of the hypoglossal

A

Meningeal branches
Superior root of the Ansa Cervicalis
Nerves to Thyrohyoid and Geniohyoid
Lingual branches

166
Q

Meningeal branch of the hypoglossal

A

Sensory to the dura mater

167
Q

Superior root of the Ansa Cervicalis branch of the hypoglossal

A

Motor to the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid)

168
Q

Nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Consist of C1 fibers. Motor to the thyrohyoid and geniorhyoid

169
Q

Lingual branches of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

170
Q

Cervical sympathetic ganglia

A
  1. Superior Cervical Ganglion
  2. Middle Cervical Ganglion
  3. Vertebral Ganglion
  4. Cervicothoracic (Stellate) Ganglion
171
Q

Superior Cervical Ganglion

A

Lies at level of C1-3 and branches into:

  1. Internal Carotid Nerve- accompanies the internal carotid artery into the skull
  2. Superior CervicalCardiac Nerve- to the cardiac plexus
  3. Branches to the pharyngeal plexus
172
Q

Middle Cervical Cardiac Nerve

A

Lies at C6 and branches to the cardio plexus

173
Q

Vertebral Ganglion

A

Lies at C7 and gives off a branch to the plexus along the vertebral artery

174
Q

Cervicothoracic (Stellate) Ganglion

A

Formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the first thoracic ganglion.

Lies at C7-T1 and branches to the inferior cervical cardiac nerve of the cardiac plexus

175
Q

Ansa Subclavia

A

A nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connection the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion

176
Q

Submandibular gland

A

One of 3 paired salivary glands. Consists of 2 parts: Superficial part and deep part

177
Q

Superficial Part of the Submandibular gland

A

Larger part and lies within the submandibulaar triangle and in the submandibular fossa.

178
Q

Deep part of the Submandibular Gland

A

Small and liessuperior to the mylohyoid muscle. 5 cm long and opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual caruncle

179
Q

Submandibular gland innervation

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve via the submandibular ganglion

180
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Smallest of the 3 major salivary glands. Lies superior to the mylohyoid in the sublingual fossa. Empties into the floor of the mouth by 12 short ducts along the sublingual fold

181
Q

Sublingual gland innervation

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion

182
Q

Nerves associated with the mandible

A

Lingual, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal

183
Q

Blood vessels of the mandible

A

Lingual artery and vein and the facial artery and vein

184
Q

Lymph Nodes of the mandible

A

Submandibular and submental lymph nodes

Gross II (29 decks)

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