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A&P I > Exam 1 Slide Show (Introduction) Pt 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Slide Show (Introduction) Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The science of body structures and the relationships among the structures

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2
Q

How is anatomy first studied?

A

By dissection

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3
Q

What is the science of body functions?

A

Physiology

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4
Q

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

A

Structure and function are intertwined

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5
Q

In order from smallest to greatest, how do the levels of organization work?

A

Chemical level > Cellular level > Tissue level > Organ level > System level > Organismal level

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6
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Metabolism (anabolism and canabolism)
  3. Irritability (responsiveness)
  4. Growth (increase in individual size)
  5. Reproduction (increase in numbers)
  6. Differentiation (individual & species levels)
  7. Movement
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7
Q

What is a good example of anabolism?

A

Photosynthesis

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8
Q

In catabolism, how is energy derived?

A

By breaking bonds (energy is stored in chemical bonds)

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9
Q

Metabolism, being derived from greek, means what?

A

“change” or “overthrow” (coined by theodore schwann)

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10
Q

What does irritability respond to?

A

Stimuli

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11
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

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12
Q

Each body structure contributes in some way to keeping____

A

the internal environment within normal limits.

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13
Q

Describe body fluids

A

dilute, watery solutions found both inside cells and surrounding cells

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14
Q

How does body fluid relate to homeostasis?

A

By maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids. It is an important aspect of homeostasis

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15
Q

What are two types of body fluids?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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16
Q

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

The fluid within body cells

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17
Q

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

The fluid outside body cells

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18
Q

What are the different types of ECF?

A
  1. Interstitial fluid
  2. Blood plasma (or plasma)
  3. Lymph
  4. Cerebrospinal fluid
  5. Synovial fluid
  6. Aqueous humor and vitreous body
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19
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

ECF filling spaces between cells

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20
Q

What is blood plasma (or plasma)?

A

ECF within blood vessels

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21
Q

What is lymph?

A

ECF within lymphatic vessels

22
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

23
Q

What is snynovial fluid?

A

ECF in joints

24
Q

What is aqueous humor and vitreous body?

A

Two different types of ECF within the eyes

25
Q

How often do disruptions to the body happen?

A

Continually

26
Q

Where do most disruptions come from?

A

Many are from the internal environment some are from the external environment

27
Q

The body has many regulating mechanisms to achieve homeostasis, and these operate through_____

A

the two control systems of the body

28
Q

What are the two control systems of the body?

A

The Nervous system and the Endocrine system

29
Q

How does the nervous system help achieve homeostasis?

A

By means of nerve impulses

30
Q

How does the endocrine system help achieve homeostasis?

A

By means of hormones

31
Q

The Nervous system and Endocrine system operate mainly through which feedback system?

A

Mainly through the negative feedback system

32
Q

What are the components of a feedback system?

A
  1. Receptor (typically a nerve or chemoreceptor)
  2. Control center (typically in the brain)
  3. Effector (typically muscles or glands)
33
Q

What are the two types of feedback systems?

A

Positive feedback and negative feedback

34
Q

Negative feedback systems maintain homeostasis by ____

A

Setting processes in place that reverse the original stimulus

35
Q

Which feedback system is most common?

A

The negative feedback system

36
Q

Positive feedback _______ a change in the condition controlled by the feedback system

A

strengthens or reinforces

37
Q

Positive feedback action continues until ______

A

it is interrupted by some mechanism outside the system

38
Q

Positive feedback systems may sometimes NOT ____

A

be actions that seem to be directly attributable to maintaining homeostasis

39
Q

In a healthy body, controlled conditions are maintained within____

A

normal limits by feedback systems (typically negative feedback systems)

40
Q

Homeostatic imbalances result in____

A

Disorder (any abnormality of structure or function)

Disease (more specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms)

41
Q

What are the two type of diseases?

A

Local and Systemic

42
Q

What is a local disease?

A

a disease affecting one part of the body, or a limited region of the body

43
Q

What is a systemic disease?

A

a disease affecting several parts of the body, or the whole body

44
Q

A person with a disease may experience what?

A

Signs and symptoms

45
Q

What are signs?

A

objective changes that can be observed and measured (such as swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure)

46
Q

What are symptoms?

A

subjective changes not apparent to an observer (such as headache, nausea, anxiety)

47
Q

How are the fingers positioned in the anatomical position?

A

Fingers are relaxed and sightly flexed.

They are neither closely adducted nor widely abducted.

Fingers are neither prominently flexed nor rigidly extended.

48
Q

How are the feet positioned in the anterior anatomical position?

A

Feet are generally facing forward (and toes will likewise be facing forward), but the feet (and consequently toes) may be slightly directed to the side (laterally) in a relaxed fashion.

49
Q

How are the feet positioned in the posterior anatomical position?

A

Feet are generally close together, but the heels are not adjacent to each other (they are not touching)

50
Q

What is an important aspect of homeostasis?

A

Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids

A&P I (37 decks)

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