Exam 1 Hit List Flashcards
Where is the enzyme that produces ATP found?
Mitochondria
Since energy is required, vesicular transport is considered a form of _______ transport
Active
What are the three types of vesicular transports?
Endocytosis, Exocytosis, and Transcytosis
In the vesicular transport, endocytosis, what are it’s three types?
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
Epithelium of the respiratory tract is ____
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the following amount for epithelium tissue:
- Cells
- Ground substance
- Fibers
- Arteries
- Lots
- Few
- Few
- None
What is the following amount for connective tissue:
- Cells
- Ground substance
- Fibers
- Arteries
- Few
- Lots
- Lots
- Lots
What is the function of microvilli?
Increase plasma membrane surface
What gives a cell its “fuzzy” appearance and is known as the Brush border?
Microvilli
When moving material through the plasma membrane, what are the passive processes (no energy expenditure required) possible?
- Diffusion:
- Simple diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated diffusion
- Filtration
When moving material through the plasma membrane, what are the active processes (energy expenditure required) possible?
- Active Transport:
- Primary active transport
- Secondary active transport
- Bulk transport (vesicular transport):
- Exocytosis
- Endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Transcytosis
What syndrome is due to missing the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p-)
Cri du chat syndrome (cry of the cat)
Trisomy is considered an aneuploid condition? T/F
True
Monosomy is considered an aneuploid condition? T/F
True
Protein synthesis, comprises of what two steps?
Transcription and Translation
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus (NOT Nucleolus)
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm
Of both the ER’s, _____ is more linear, while _____ is more tubular
Rough; Smooth
In the cell, where are amino acids assembled into proteins?
Ribosomes
What produces cytosolic proteins?
Free (loose) ribosomes
What process is the assembly of a new protein molecule using its amino acid building blocks, as specified by the RNA (mRNA)?
Translation
What synthesizes secretory proteins to include: integral proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol inside of the cell?
Rough ER
What synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steriods, and has enzymes that detoxify drugs and other harmful substances?
Smooth ER (no ribosomes)
Translation, is accomplished by the ____
Ribosomes
Where are the large and small subunits of a ribosome, manufactured?
In the nucleolus
Of the two membranes of mitochondria, which one folds in many times, producing cristae?
The inner membrane
Which organelle of the cell, contains enzymes responsible for cellular respiration and the Krebs cycle?
Mitochondira
The nucleolus is a membrane bound organelle. T/F
False
What functions to protect cells from enzymatic action and adds cell adhesion and recognition?
Glycocalyx
Which organelle of the cell, is self-replicating and has its own DNA?
Mitochondria
What is the scientific name for the back of the leg?
Sural
Which organelle is the largest and most dominant in a cell?
The nucleus
Where is most of the cell’s ATP produced?
Mitochondria
What two control systems regulate homeostasis?
Nervous system (nerve impulses) Endocrine system (Hormones)
Where in your body is the oxygen used and carbon dioxide is produced? (its on of the organelles of the cell)
Mitochondria
Many disruptions to homeostasis is from the ______ environment
Internal
What is the scientific name for hip?
Coxal
When it comes to the feedback system, what is typically the receptor?
A nerve or chemoreceptor
What is the scientific name for groin?
inguinal
Both control systems of the body, operate mainly through _____ feedback
Negative
What is the scientific name for pubis?
pubic
When it comes to the feedback system, what is typically the effector?
muscle or gland
.What is the scientific name for chest?
Thoracic
What reduces friction between the visceral layer and the parietal layer?
Serous fluid
What are the three parts of the serous membrane?
Visceral layer, parietal layer, and the cavity between the two
.What is the scientific name for loin?
lumbar
Which cavity, technically has not organs within it?
Peritoneal cavity
What is the scientific name for heel?
calcaneal
Inflammation of the serous membrane is considered a _______ imbalance
Homeostatic
In regards to retroperitoneal organs, what falls in the digestive system?
- Esophagus, 2. Pancreas (except the tail), 3. Duodenum (except first segment), 4. Ascending and descending colon (not transverse, sigmoid, or cecum), 5. Rectum
What is another name for iguinal?
iliac or groin
When locating organs, which system is used most by anatomists?
The abdominopelvic region
What substance is used in a microtome to help with cutting samples?
Paraffin
In which quadrant is the gallbladder found?
The Right Upper Quadrant
What is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body?
Metabolism
In which quadrant is the pancreas found?
Head in upper right with body and tail in the upper left
When locating organs, which system is used most by medical personnel?
Abdominopelvic quadrants
In which quadrant is the liver found?
Right and Left upper quadrants
Aside from the changes in chemical complexity, a fundamental component of metabolic reactions is ____
Energy relationships
In which quadrant is the duodenum found?
Right Upper Quadrant
While most of the stomach is found in the left upper quadrant, the _____ of the stomach is found in the upper right quadrant
Pylorus
What is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms?
A cell
Continuity of life has a _______ basis
cellular
In which quadrant is the transverse colon found?
Right and Left Upper quadrants
What is at the root of disease processes?
Cells
The blades of a microtome are powered by what?
An electric motor
The cytoplasm of a cell, generally consist of what three things?
Cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
In which quadrant is the spleen found?
Left upper quadrant
Which cell represents the “typical” cell?
None
What is a phospholipid bilayer with associated integral and peripheral proteins?
Plasmalemma (plasma membrane)
In the lipid bilayer, what fills the space between the fatty acid tails?
Cholesterol
Integral proteins are amphipathic. T/F
True
A plasma membrane can be seen with a light microscope?
False. Electron microscope
As part of a membrane protein function, what distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s?
Glycoprotein (cell identity markers)
What makes the outer membrane asymmetric and provides a way to tell the outer surface from the inner surface?
Glycocalyx
What is the membrane that surrounds the whole cell?
Plasma membrane
The plasma membrane preferentially allows the passage of some substances over others, what is this property termed?
Selective permeability
What provides for and allows: cell movement, growth, division, and self sealing if torn or punctured?
Fluid membrane (plasma membrane)
What mediates membrane fluidity?
Cholesterol
Lipids are _____ molecules, meaning they have both polar and nonpolar parts
Amphipathic
What are the three membrane gradients?
Concentration gradient, electrical gradient, and electrochemical gradient
According to membrane gradients, what is the natural movement?
“Downhill” from higher to lower
In diffusion, substances move _____ the concentration gradient
down
What four factors influence diffusion rate?
- Steepness of gradient
- Temperature
- Surface area
- Diffusion distance
Of the factors that influence diffusion rate, which two affect the rate as well?
Steepness of gradient and temperature
What is the characteristic of a solution known as?
Tonicity
What is the amount of pressure required to offset the net movement of water?
Osmotic pressure (applied pressure = osmotic pressure)
Substances that are nonpolor and lipid soluble, move in and out of the cell by simple diffusion. These include____
- oxygen
- CO2
- Fats
- Alcohol
- Fat soluble vitamins (A,D, E, and K)
What integral protein move two substances in the same direction across the membrane?
Symporters
According to the steepness of gradient factor, the greater the difference, the _____ the rate of diffusion.
Higher
What polar substances can diffuse across the plasma membrane because they are small enough?
Water and urea
In osmosis, the water goes toward the higher solute concentration. T/F
True
What is a measure of the solutions ability to change a cells water content by induction of osmosis?
Tonicity
What integral protein move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane?
antiporters
According to the temperature factor, the higher the temperature, the _____ the rate of diffusion.
Faster
This pump is a much studied primary active transport mechanism and maintains the concentration gradient of high K+ and low Na+ inside the cell
Sodium-potassium pump
The sodium-potassium pump is a symporter T/F
False, antiporter
In osmosis, what is the movement in a concentration gradient?
from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration
The integral membrane in facilitated diffusion, changes shape because it is _____
Allosteric
Typical body cell spends _____ of its ATP on primary active transport
40%
According to the permeability factor, the more permeable a membrane is to a particular substance, the _____ the rate of diffusion.
faster
Some poisons such as cyanide are lethal because their mode of action is to shut down ______
active transport
Osmosis works on what type of membrane?
Semipermeable membrane
Application of pressure to force water through a membrane is the principle of _____
Reverse Osmosis (applied pressure > osmotic pressure)
What is used for cell metabolism and structural maintenance?
Products of degradation
Which two body cells are considered phagocytes and engage in phagocytosis
Macrophages and neutrophils
The sodium-potassium pump moves ____ Na+ to ____ K
(3)Na+ to (2)K
Bulk-phase endocytosis also stands for what?
Pinocytosis
The thyroid transports ____ from the blood and concentrates it via the sodium-iodide symporter, (secondary transport)
Iodine
Microfilaments are composed of what?
actin
What is an integral membrane protein, concentrated at clathrin-coated pits?
a receptor
Which form of endocytosis is less selective. Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) or Phagocytosis
Bulk-phase endocytosis
Intracellular fluid is comprised of ____% water and ____% solids
75-90% and 10-25%
What in the organelle, is comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules?
The cytoskeleton
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, what materials can be moved by it?
- cholesterol
- Transferrin
- Some vitamins
- Antibodies
- some hormones
Microtubules are composed of what?
tubulin
Assembly of microtubules begins where?
The centrosome
Which organelle of the cell, contains the chromosomes?
The nucleus
Transport vesicles arriving from the rough ER fuse with the ____ of the Golgi
Cis face
Mitochondria need ribosomes from the rough ER. T/F
False, they have their own ribosomes.
What is a complex of DNA and proteins, that represent the relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes of the interphase nucleus?
Chromatin
Which organelle is used to establish heredity form the mother?
Mitochondria
Ribosomes are composed of what?
Ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and proteins
Where do lysosomes come from?
The Golgi complex
In the nuclear envelope, what is the space between them called?
Perinuclear cisterna
Which organelle in the cell synthesizes carbohydrates?
Golgi complex
What carries out autophagy (digestion of worn-out organelles) and autolysis (the digestion of the entire cell) inside of the cell?
Lysosomes
What produces proteins that are either inserted into membranes of the cell or secreted from the cell?
Attached ribosomes
What produces peroxisomes?
Golgi complex
Secretory vesicles, lysosomes and peroxisomes bud from the ____ of the Golgi
trans face
No chromosomes of humans are telocentric in appearance? T/F
True
What is an ordinary chromosome that does NOT determine the sex?
An autosome
What are non-membrane bound, large protein complexes, with caps that regulate entry into the central destruction chamber.
Proteasomes
Are humans haploids, diploids, or triploids?
Diploids
Peroxisomes are self-replicating but dont have their own DNA. T/F
True
What part of most body cells, shorten each cycle of cell division, suggesting an association with aging and death of cells?
Telomeres
Each cylinder in a centrosome is composed of how many microtubule triplets?
9
What is the carrier of genetic information?
The Chromosome
On a chromosome NOR stands for?
Nucleolar organizing region
What propels spermatozoa?
Flagella
Ciliary movement is more like ___ while flagellar movement resembles ___
Oars; undulations
What are the four common inclusions found in the cell?
- Glycogen
- Lipids
- Pigments
- Crystals
What are the two types of chromatin?
Heterochromatin (inactive) and Euchromatin (active)
At the end of which phase do chromosomes consist of two chromatids lying side by side, connected only at the centromere?
S phase of interphase
The cell cycle is divided into two events, ____ and _____
Interphase and mitosis
Protein synthesis takes place in which phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
The gametic number is usually represented by the letter____
n
In which phase of the cell cycle is centrosome replication completed?
G2 of interphase
All of the chromosomes together in a dispersed form comprise what?
Chromatin
In the cell cycle, when do chromatin fibers condense and become thicker?
Prophase
How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
22 (normally)
The somatic number is usually represented by the letter____
2n
How many chromatids total are there in a homologus pair of chromosomes?
4
Which human chromosomes have satellites and NOR?
13, 14, 15, (d group) and 21, 22 (G group)
Which chromosome is really the shortest one?
Number 21 is really the shortest one
Nerve cells, most muscle cells, and cells of hypertrophic tissue, are found where in the cell cycle?
G0 (G-zero)
Which part of the cell cycle are organelles duplicated?
G1 of interphase
Humans normally inherited how many chromosomes from each parent?
23
DNA replication takes place in which phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Which chromosome is smaller X or Y?
Y
Which division occurs for reproductive cells?
Meiosis
After meiosis, when is the diploid condition restored?
At fertilization
Somatic cells, is synonymous to what of the karyotypes?
Autosomals
What is the most common type of color blindness?
Red-green color blindness
What is termed by a group of cells of common ebryonic origin?
Tissues
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective tissue, muscle, nerve
What are the basic components of ALL tissues?
Cells, fibers, and ground substance
What is termed the same allele at specified gene loci in homologous chromosome segments?
Homozygous
What is the most complex of all RBC human blood groups?
Rh-hr (rhesus)
AB blood develops which antibodies?
None
What is used to determine hemoglobin type?
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
Where is the layer of simple squamos epithelium found?
Endothelium and alveoli
What are the two general types of epithelium?
Covering and lining, and glandular
