Etsey Exam #2 Flashcards by Olivia Hobson

Which of the following structures propagates action potentials from the surface of a muscle fiber to its interior?

The sarcomeres

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

The endomysium

The myofibrils

The T tubules

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All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________.

excitable
contractile
striated
involuntary
isometric

excitable

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Skeletal muscle is called ___________ because it is usually subject to conscious control.

excitable
contractile
striated
voluntary
isometric

voluntary

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Which of the following is considered to be a myofibril regulatory protein?

G actin
Titin
Troponin
Myosin
Calcium

Troponin

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Which of the following structures store calcium ions that trigger skeletal muscle contraction?

Mitochondria
Myofibrils
T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Synaptic vesicles

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin myofilaments?

A band
H band
I band
M line
Z discs

A band

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In a relaxed muscle fiber, what blocks the active sites on actin?

Tropomyosin
Troponin
Calcium ions
Myosin heads
Elastic fibers

Tropomyosin

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Which of the following is predominantly made up of myosin?

G actin
F actin
The thin myofilament
The thick myofilament
The elastic filament

The thick myofilament

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Which protein acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle?

F actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Titin
Dystrophin

Troponin

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If a person is injected with a toxin that blocks acetylcholine receptors, which of the following will occur?

The sarcolemma will be constantly stimulated, and muscles will continually contract.

Spastic paralysis will result.

The toxin will have no effect on muscle action.

Stimulation of the sarcolemma will not be possible, and muscles will be paralyzed.

The person will develop myasthenia gravis.

Stimulation of the sarcolemma will not be possible, and muscles will be paralyzed.

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The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to __________.

flaccid paralysis

continued muscle contraction

atrophy

numbness

muscle wasting

continued muscle contraction

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Which of the following is considered to be the “functional unit” of skeletal muscle fibers?

The sarcomere

The Z disc

The myofilaments

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

The neuromuscular junction

The sarcomere

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Which of the following structures is found at each end of a sarcomere?

A sarcoplasmic reticulum

An I band

An H band

An A band

A Z disc

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What comprises a motor unit?

One neuromuscular junction

The distance from one Z disc to the next

One thick myofilament and all thin myofilaments with which it forms cross-bridges

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

One myofibril of a muscle fiber

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

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To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.

synaptic vesicles

postsynaptic membrane folds

sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcolemma

terminal cistern

synaptic vesicles

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What is a loss of muscle mass from a lack of activity called?

Myopathy

Dystrophy

Apathy

Atrophy

Tetanus

Atrophy

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Slow oxidative fibers have more __________ and less __________ than fast glycolytic fibers.

glycogen; myoglobin

ATP; mitochondria

lactic acid; ATP

myoglobin; lactic acid

capillaries; mitochondria

myoglobin; lactic acid

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Which of the following is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds an individual muscle fiber?

Epimysium
Fascia
Tendon
Endomysium
Perimysium

Endomysium

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What is the longest muscle in the human body?

Sartorius

Rectus abdominis

Gastrocnemius

Rectus femoris

Triceps brachii

Sartorius

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What is the Latin term for “short”?

Brevis

Punctum

Minimus

Minor

Brevis

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After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially use which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar?

Depressor anguli oris
Orbicularis oris
Levator labii superioris
Platysma
Quadriceps femoris

Orbicularis oris

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Based on its name, how would you describe the rectus femoris?

Triangular and in the thigh
Diagonal and in the calf
Straight and in the thigh
Straight and in the calf
Diagonal and in the thigh

Straight and in the thigh

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Which cells would you expect to increase in number during an infection of the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells

Microglia

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Which of the following is/are found only in the PNS?

Nerves
Astrocytes
Myelin
Lipofuscin
Unmyelinated axons

Nerves

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Which of the following line the ventricles of the brain? Schwann cells Satellite cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells

The term "nerve fiber" refers to a/an __________. nerve cell organelle in nerve cells organ axon bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells

axon

The embryonic forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain arise from which structure? The neural crest The neural tube The telencephalon The mesoderm The neural folds

The neural tube

A friend of yours suffers a blow to the forehead and loses sensation in her scalp due to the crushing of peripheral nerves. Is there a possibility she will regain sensation in the area? Yes, because the damaged neurons may regenerate through the process of mitosis. No, because damaged neurons have very limited potential for mitosis. No, because peripheral nerves lack an endoneurium and a neurilemma. Yes, because damaged peripheral axons may regenerate due to the presence of a neurilemma and an endoneurium. Yes, because satellite cells undergo mitosis and produce growth factors that enable damaged axons to regenerate.

Yes, because damaged peripheral axons may regenerate due to the presence of a neurilemma and an endoneurium.

A pre-synaptic axon contacts the dendrite of a post-synaptic neuron. How would you describe the synaptic relationship? It is an electrical synapse. It is an excitatory synapse. It is an axosomatic synapse. It is an axoaxonic synapse. It is an axodendritic synapse.

It is an axodendritic synapse.

Most brain tumors originate from which of the following? Neuroglial cells Sensory neurons Multipolar neurons Somatic motor neurons Bipolar neurons

Neuroglial cells

Which of the following is not true? Interneurons are only found in the CNS. The CNS consists of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord. The visceral motor division is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Oligodendrocytes are found only in the CNS. Satellite cells are found only in the PNS.

The CNS consists of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord.

Which part of the nervous system controls the movement of your hand as you take notes during an anatomy lecture? Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Somatic sensory division Somatic motor division Peripheral nervous system

Somatic motor division

Blood capillaries of the brain are enveloped by which of the following? Microglia Myelin sheaths Endoneurium Astrocytes Satellite cells

Astrocytes

A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________. lipids carbohydrates glycoproteins proteins polysaccharides

lipids

The middle meninx around the spinal cord is the __________. perineurium epineurium dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

arachnoid mater

If the phrenic nerve were cut, what would be a result? Inability to flex the arm Inability to extend the arm Paralysis of the anterior neck muscles Problems with breathing Inability to flex the neck

Problems with breathing

Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the __________. dural sheath and dura mater dural sheath and vertebral bones dura mater and arachnoid mater arachnoid mater and pia mater dura mater and pia mater

arachnoid mater and pia mater

Which part of the spinal cord contains somas of somatic motor neurons? The arachnoid The posterior horns The anterior horns The lateral horns The spinothalamic tract

The anterior horns

Which of the following is not a characteristic of somatic reflexes? They are monosynaptic. They are quick. They are stereotyped. They are involuntary. They require stimulation.

They are monosynaptic.

Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the __________ to block pain signals during pregnancy. dural sheath and dura mater dural sheath and vertebral bones dura mater and arachnoid mater arachnoid mater and pia mater dura mater and pia mater

dural sheath and vertebral bones

What role does a first-order neuron play in the passage of a sensory signal to the brain? The first-order neuron carries the sensory signal to the thalamus. The first-order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brain-stem. The first-order neuron carries the signal to the sensory area of the cerebral cortex. The soma of the first-order neuron is in the cerebral cortex, and the axon terminates in the spinal cord. The first-order neuron has no role in sensory signal transmission.

The first-order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brain-stem.

From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order? Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater Arachnoid, pia mater, dura mater

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Which of the following is not a region of the spinal cord? Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Pelvic Sacral

Pelvic

Spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord by which of the following structures? Anterior root ganglia Posterior and anterior roots Posterior and anterior horns The central canal The gray commissure

Posterior and anterior roots

The pons and cerebellum arise from which secondary embryonic vesicle? Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

Metencephalon

In which structure is the arbor vitae found? Left cerebral hemisphere Tegmentum in the midbrain Cerebellum Reticular formation Diencephalon

Cerebellum

What structure does cerebrospinal fluid flow through as it passes from the third to the fourth ventricle? Central canal Corpus callosum Interventricular foramen Cerebral aqueduct Dural sinus

Cerebral aqueduct

Which of the following is most concerned with vision? The parietal lobe The frontal lobe The occipital lobe The temporal lobe The insula

The occipital lobe

Which of the following is not a motor cranial nerve? Trochlear nerve (IV) Abducens nerve (VI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Accessory nerve (XI)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are derivatives of which embryonic structure? Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

Diencephalon

Which of the following cranial nerves is mispaired? Abducens - V Oculomotor - III Facial - VII Accessory - XI

Abducens - V

What would be the effect of damage to cranial nerve VII? Impaired sense of smell Impaired vision Loss of sensation from face Sagging facial muscles Loss of hearing

Sagging facial muscles

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? It supports the weight of the brain. It cushions the brain from blows. It removes metabolic wastes from the central nervous system. It provides a stable chemical environment for the nervous tissue. It helps cool the brain.

It helps cool the brain.

A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition? Parkinson disease Alzheimer disease Meningitis Hydrocephalus A stroke

Meningitis

Which statement below is not correct? Acetylcholine is released by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers. Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. Acetylcholine is released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers. Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

Acetylcholine is released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Its effects are local. The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs. It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS. It has short preganglionic fibers. It has short postganglionic fibers.

It has short preganglionic fibers.

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS located? Thoracolumbar region Craniosacral regions Sympathetic chain ganglia Pons and medulla oblongata Collateral ganglia

Thoracolumbar region

In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called __________ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to __________ its beats per minute. baroreceptors; decrease proprioceptors; decrease baroreceptors; increase proprioceptors; increase chemoreceptors; increase

baroreceptors; decrease

The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the __________. adrenal gland smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta cardiac muscle in the right atrium skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis parotid salivary gland

skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis

Which of the following fibers of the ANS are adrenergic? Sympathetic preganglionic fibers Sympathetic postganglionic fibers Somatic preganglionic fibers Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers