Etsey Exam #2 Flashcards
Which of the following structures propagates action potentials from the surface of a muscle fiber to its interior?
The sarcomeres
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
The endomysium
The myofibrils
The T tubules
The T tubules
All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________.
excitable
contractile
striated
involuntary
isometric
excitable
Skeletal muscle is called ___________ because it is usually subject to conscious control.
excitable
contractile
striated
voluntary
isometric
voluntary
Which of the following is considered to be a myofibril regulatory protein?
G actin
Titin
Troponin
Myosin
Calcium
Troponin
Which of the following structures store calcium ions that trigger skeletal muscle contraction?
Mitochondria
Myofibrils
T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Synaptic vesicles
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin myofilaments?
A band
H band
I band
M line
Z discs
A band
In a relaxed muscle fiber, what blocks the active sites on actin?
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Calcium ions
Myosin heads
Elastic fibers
Tropomyosin
Which of the following is predominantly made up of myosin?
G actin
F actin
The thin myofilament
The thick myofilament
The elastic filament
The thick myofilament
Which protein acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle?
F actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Titin
Dystrophin
Troponin
If a person is injected with a toxin that blocks acetylcholine receptors, which of the following will occur?
The sarcolemma will be constantly stimulated, and muscles will continually contract.
Spastic paralysis will result.
The toxin will have no effect on muscle action.
Stimulation of the sarcolemma will not be possible, and muscles will be paralyzed.
The person will develop myasthenia gravis.
Stimulation of the sarcolemma will not be possible, and muscles will be paralyzed.
The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to __________.
flaccid paralysis
continued muscle contraction
atrophy
numbness
muscle wasting
continued muscle contraction
Which of the following is considered to be the “functional unit” of skeletal muscle fibers?
The sarcomere
The Z disc
The myofilaments
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
The neuromuscular junction
The sarcomere
Which of the following structures is found at each end of a sarcomere?
A sarcoplasmic reticulum
An I band
An H band
An A band
A Z disc
A Z disc
What comprises a motor unit?
One neuromuscular junction
The distance from one Z disc to the next
One thick myofilament and all thin myofilaments with which it forms cross-bridges
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
One myofibril of a muscle fiber
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.
synaptic vesicles
postsynaptic membrane folds
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcolemma
terminal cistern
synaptic vesicles
What is a loss of muscle mass from a lack of activity called?
Myopathy
Dystrophy
Apathy
Atrophy
Tetanus
Atrophy
Slow oxidative fibers have more __________ and less __________ than fast glycolytic fibers.
glycogen; myoglobin
ATP; mitochondria
lactic acid; ATP
myoglobin; lactic acid
capillaries; mitochondria
myoglobin; lactic acid
Which of the following is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds an individual muscle fiber?
Epimysium
Fascia
Tendon
Endomysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
What is the longest muscle in the human body?
Sartorius
Rectus abdominis
Gastrocnemius
Rectus femoris
Triceps brachii
Sartorius
What is the Latin term for “short”?
Brevis
Punctum
Minimus
Minor
Brevis
After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially use which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar?
Depressor anguli oris
Orbicularis oris
Levator labii superioris
Platysma
Quadriceps femoris
Orbicularis oris
Based on its name, how would you describe the rectus femoris?
Triangular and in the thigh
Diagonal and in the calf
Straight and in the thigh
Straight and in the calf
Diagonal and in the thigh
Straight and in the thigh
Which cells would you expect to increase in number during an infection of the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells
Microglia
Which of the following is/are found only in the PNS?
Nerves
Astrocytes
Myelin
Lipofuscin
Unmyelinated axons
Nerves
Which of the following line the ventricles of the brain?
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
The term “nerve fiber” refers to a/an __________.
nerve cell
organelle in nerve cells
organ
axon
bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells
axon
The embryonic forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain arise from which structure?
The neural crest
The neural tube
The telencephalon
The mesoderm
The neural folds
The neural tube
A friend of yours suffers a blow to the forehead and loses sensation in her scalp due to the crushing of peripheral nerves. Is there a possibility she will regain sensation in the area?
Yes, because the damaged neurons may regenerate through the process of mitosis.
No, because damaged neurons have very limited potential for mitosis.
No, because peripheral nerves lack an endoneurium and a neurilemma.
Yes, because damaged peripheral axons may regenerate due to the presence of a neurilemma and an endoneurium.
Yes, because satellite cells undergo mitosis and produce growth factors that enable damaged axons to regenerate.
Yes, because damaged peripheral axons may regenerate due to the presence of a neurilemma and an endoneurium.
A pre-synaptic axon contacts the dendrite of a post-synaptic neuron. How would you describe the synaptic relationship?
It is an electrical synapse.
It is an excitatory synapse.
It is an axosomatic synapse.
It is an axoaxonic synapse.
It is an axodendritic synapse.
It is an axodendritic synapse.
Most brain tumors originate from which of the following?
Neuroglial cells
Sensory neurons
Multipolar neurons
Somatic motor neurons
Bipolar neurons
Neuroglial cells
Which of the following is not true?
Interneurons are only found in the CNS.
The CNS consists of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord.
The visceral motor division is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Oligodendrocytes are found only in the CNS.
Satellite cells are found only in the PNS.
The CNS consists of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord.
Which part of the nervous system controls the movement of your hand as you take notes during an anatomy lecture?
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Somatic sensory division
Somatic motor division
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic motor division
Blood capillaries of the brain are enveloped by which of the following?
Microglia
Myelin sheaths
Endoneurium
Astrocytes
Satellite cells
Astrocytes
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.
lipids
carbohydrates
glycoproteins
proteins
polysaccharides
lipids
The middle meninx around the spinal cord is the __________.
perineurium
epineurium
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
arachnoid mater
If the phrenic nerve were cut, what would be a result?
Inability to flex the arm
Inability to extend the arm
Paralysis of the anterior neck muscles
Problems with breathing
Inability to flex the neck
Problems with breathing
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the __________.
dural sheath and dura mater
dural sheath and vertebral bones
dura mater and arachnoid mater
arachnoid mater and pia mater
dura mater and pia mater
arachnoid mater and pia mater
Which part of the spinal cord contains somas of somatic motor neurons?
The arachnoid
The posterior horns
The anterior horns
The lateral horns
The spinothalamic tract
The anterior horns
Which of the following is not a characteristic of somatic reflexes?
They are monosynaptic.
They are quick.
They are stereotyped.
They are involuntary.
They require stimulation.
They are monosynaptic.
Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the __________ to block pain signals during pregnancy.
dural sheath and dura mater
dural sheath and vertebral bones
dura mater and arachnoid mater
arachnoid mater and pia mater
dura mater and pia mater
dural sheath and vertebral bones
What role does a first-order neuron play in the passage of a sensory signal to the brain?
The first-order neuron carries the sensory signal to the thalamus.
The first-order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brain-stem.
The first-order neuron carries the signal to the sensory area of the cerebral cortex.
The soma of the first-order neuron is in the cerebral cortex, and the axon terminates in the spinal cord.
The first-order neuron has no role in sensory signal transmission.
The first-order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brain-stem.
From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order?
Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid
Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater
Arachnoid, pia mater, dura mater
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Which of the following is not a region of the spinal cord?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Pelvic
Sacral
Pelvic
Spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord by which of the following structures?
Anterior root ganglia
Posterior and anterior roots
Posterior and anterior horns
The central canal
The gray commissure
Posterior and anterior roots
The pons and cerebellum arise from which secondary embryonic vesicle?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
In which structure is the arbor vitae found?
Left cerebral hemisphere
Tegmentum in the midbrain
Cerebellum
Reticular formation
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
What structure does cerebrospinal fluid flow through as it passes from the third to the fourth ventricle?
Central canal
Corpus callosum
Interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct
Dural sinus
Cerebral aqueduct
Which of the following is most concerned with vision?
The parietal lobe
The frontal lobe
The occipital lobe
The temporal lobe
The insula
The occipital lobe
Which of the following is not a motor cranial nerve?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are derivatives of which embryonic structure?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Diencephalon
Which of the following cranial nerves is mispaired?
Abducens - V
Oculomotor - III
Facial - VII
Accessory - XI
Abducens - V
What would be the effect of damage to cranial nerve VII?
Impaired sense of smell
Impaired vision
Loss of sensation from face
Sagging facial muscles
Loss of hearing
Sagging facial muscles
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
It supports the weight of the brain.
It cushions the brain from blows.
It removes metabolic wastes from the central nervous system.
It provides a stable chemical environment for the nervous tissue.
It helps cool the brain.
It helps cool the brain.
A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition?
Parkinson disease
Alzheimer disease
Meningitis
Hydrocephalus
A stroke
Meningitis
Which statement below is not correct?
Acetylcholine is released by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
Acetylcholine is released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
Acetylcholine is released by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Its effects are local.
The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs.
It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS.
It has short preganglionic fibers.
It has short postganglionic fibers.
It has short preganglionic fibers.
Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS located?
Thoracolumbar region
Craniosacral regions
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Pons and medulla oblongata
Collateral ganglia
Thoracolumbar region
In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called __________ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to __________ its beats per minute.
baroreceptors; decrease
proprioceptors; decrease
baroreceptors; increase
proprioceptors; increase
chemoreceptors; increase
baroreceptors; decrease
The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the __________.
adrenal gland
smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta
cardiac muscle in the right atrium
skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
parotid salivary gland
skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
Which of the following fibers of the ANS are adrenergic?
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
Somatic preganglionic fibers
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
