Deliberate practice

Question 1

Deliberate practice elements

Answer 1

Aimed at improving, requires effort

Need to practice at edge of ability

Has to be direct feedback about execution

Based on multiple repetitions of same task

Tiring and not necessarily fun

Question 2

Strength of relation between deliberate practice and perf.

Answer 2

Music .61
Computer games .51
Sports .42
education .21

Needs to be a match between task relevant activity and performance demands.

Question 3

3 Phases of skill development

Answer 3

1. Cognitive phase
   - First exploration, explicit instruction
2. Associative phase
   - Discovery of cause-effect, connection between perception and action develops
3. Autonomous phase
   - Automatic execution of movement, no conscious control. Attention is used for decision making (eg tennis)

Question 4

Chunking

Answer 4

Expertise is result of chunking and automization. Information is chunked which merges with perception. Early cues enable reading ahead

Question 5

Measuring attentional demand

Answer 5

Amount of attention needed for a task (pre-automatization) can be measured with reaction time probe;

• Measure base rate response (responding to cue)
• Measure response rate with secondary task (responding while simultaneously doing task)
• Check how much RT eteriorates.

Question 6

Reciprocal expertise affirmation

Answer 6

Respect/acknowledgement of someone else’s expertise leads to feeling more confident. They’ll be less likely to acknowledge expertise of someone else too